ArticleScientific reports2017
Balance between Estrogens and Proinflammatory Cytokines Regulates Chemokine Production Involved in Thymic Germinal Center Formation.
Article in Scientific reports, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 35 papers.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Granulomatous Lesions in the Head and Neck Region: A Clinicopathological, Histochemical, and Molecular Diagnostic Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Differences Between Females and Males in the Diagnostic Delay and Clinical Course of Thymectomised Myasthenia Gravis.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Article
- Thymic hyperplasia in myasthenia gravis: a narrative review.Mediastinum (Hong Kong, China) · 2025Review
- Reproductive aging in biological females: mechanisms and immediate consequences.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Regulatory mechanisms of neuro inflammation from a gender perspective: interactions among astrocytes, sex hormones, and the gut-brain axis.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Female gender and quality of life outcomes in myasthenia gravis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2025Article
- Lupus progression deteriorates oogenesis quality in MRL/lpr mice.Immunologic research · 2024Article
- Comparison of juvenile and adult myasthenia gravis in a French cohort with focus on thymic histology.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Cystatin M/E ameliorates bone resorption through increasing osteoclastic cell estrogen influx.Research square · 2024Article
- Ovarian sex steroid and epithelial control of immune responses in the uterus and oviduct: human and animal models†.Biology of reproduction · 2024Article
- Role of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and nitrosative stress in regulating sex differences in secondary lymphedema.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
- Conditional associations of sex steroid hormones with C-reactive protein levels in American children and adolescents: evidence from NHANES 2015-2016.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Autoimmune Responses and Therapeutic Interventions for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Comprehensive Review.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2024Review
- Insight into the Potential Mechanisms of Endocrine Disruption by Dietary Phytoestrogens in the Context of the Etiopathogenesis of Endometriosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Neonatal immune signatures differ by sex regardless of neurodevelopmental disorder status: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) alone reveals a sex by diagnosis interaction effect.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2023Article
- Letrozole treatment alters hippocampal gene expression in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).Hormones and behavior · 2023Article
- Bedside Scoring System for Predicting Adverse Outcomes Among Patients Suffering From SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Cureus · 2022Article
- The Impact of Estrogens and Their Receptors on Immunity and Inflammation during Infection.Cancers · 2022Review
- Prospective longitudinal analysis of antibody response after standard and booster doses of SARS-COV2 vaccination in patients with early breast cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The early-onset form of Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is prevalent in women and associates with ectopic germinal centers (GCs) development and inflammation in the thymus. we aimed to investigate the contribution of estrogens in the molecular processes involved in thymic GCs formation. We examined expression of genes involved in anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) response in MG, MHC class II and α-AChR subunit as well as chemokines involved in GC development (CXCL13, CCL21and CXCL12). In resting conditions, estrogens have strong regulatory effects on thymic epithelial cells (TECs), inducing a decreased protein expression of the above molecules. In knockout mouse models for estrogen receptor or aromatase, we observed that perturbation in estrogen transduction pathway altered MHC Class II, α-AChR, and CXCL13 expression. However, in inflammatory conditions, estrogen effects were partially overwhelmed by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, estrogens were able to control production of type I interferon and therefore play dual roles during inflammatory events. In conclusion, we showed that estrogens inhibited expression of α-AChR and HLA-DR in TECs, suggesting that estrogens may alter the tolerization process and favor environment for an autoimmune response. By contrast, under inflammatory conditions, estrogen effects depend upon strength of the partner molecules with which it is confronted to.
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