ArticleACS infectious diseases2017
Attaching the NorA Efflux Pump Inhibitor INF55 to Methylene Blue Enhances Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Vitro and in Vivo.
Article in ACS infectious diseases, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Strategies to Enhance the Efficacy and Clinical Translation of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Potent Antimicrobial Chloroindium(III) Phthalocyanine Sensitizer Targeting Drug-Resistant Microbes: Physicochemical, Photobiological Validation and DFT Insights.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Mechanisms ofMedicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Hybrids/Conjugates/Chimera Drugs-Antimicrobial Hybrids: Antibiotics, Antifungals, Antituberculars, Antimalarials.Current medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Novel 3-Methyl-1,6-Diazaphenothiazine as an Anticancer Agent-Synthesis, Structure, and In Vitro Anticancer Evaluation.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Exploring the Role of Berberine as a Molecular Disruptor in Antimicrobial Strategies.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Photodynamic therapy on mRNA levels in bacteria.Lasers in medical science · 2024Review
- Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with Brazilian green propolis controls intradermal infection induced by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and modulates the inflammatory response in a murine model.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2024Article
- Mechanism of Synergistic Photoinactivation Utilizing Curcumin and Lauric Arginate Ethyl Ester againstFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- An Update Review of Approaches to Multiple Action-Based Antibacterials.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Role of bacterial efflux pumps in antibiotic resistance, virulence, and strategies to discover novel efflux pump inhibitors.Microbiology (Reading, England) · 2023Review
- Development of Phenothiazine Hybrids with Potential Medicinal Interest: A Review.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Medicinal Chemistry of Inhibitors Targeting Resistant Bacteria.Current topics in medicinal chemistry · 2022Article
- Efflux pump inhibitors: new updates.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2021Review
- Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye by Calix[6]Arene-Modified Lead Sulphide (Pbs): Optimisation Using Response Surface Methodology.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Factors Determining the Susceptibility of Bacteria to Antibacterial Photodynamic Inactivation.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Review
- Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacteria with Porphyrin Derivatives: Effect of Charge, Lipophilicity, ROS Generation, and Cellular Uptake on Their Biological Activity In Vitro.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Effective Photodynamic Inactivation of 26Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Considerations and Caveats in Combating ESKAPE Pathogens against Nosocomial Infections.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2020Review
- Emerging Strategies to Combat ESKAPE Pathogens in the Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) uses photosensitizers (PSs) and harmless visible light to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and kill microbes. Multidrug efflux systems can moderate the phototoxic effects of PSs by expelling the compounds from cells. We hypothesized that increasing intracellular concentrations of PSs by inhibiting efflux with a covalently attached efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) would enhance bacterial cell phototoxicity and reduce exposure of neighboring host cells to damaging ROS. In this study, we tested the hypothesis by linking NorA EPIs to methylene blue (MB) and examining the photoantimicrobial activity of the EPI-MB hybrids against the human pathogen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Photochemical/photophysical and in vitro microbiological evaluation of 16 hybrids carrying four different NorA EPIs attached to MB via four linker types identified INF55-(Ac)en-MB 12 as a lead. Compound 12 showed increased uptake into S. aureus cells and enhanced aPDI activity and wound healing effects (relative to MB) in a murine model of an abrasion wound infected by MRSA. The study supports a new approach for treating localized multidrug-resistant MRSA infections and paves the way for wider exploration of the EPI-PS hybrid strategy in aPDI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.