Observational studyTobacco control2018
Compliance with smoke-free legislation and smoking behaviour: observational field study from Punjab, India.
Observational study in Tobacco control, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Non-compliance with smoke-free law in public places: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global studies.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Level of compliance to smoke-free laws by restaurants in Karachi: an observational study.Tobacco control · 2026Observational
- Assessing compliance with smoke-free laws in Purbakhola Rural Municipality, Nepal: A cross-sectional observational study.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- COTPA Section 4 Compliance in Udupi City Municipal Corporation: An Exploratory Survey From Coastal Karnataka.International journal of dentistry · 2026Article
- Compliance with smoke-free laws in hospitality venues in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional observational study in 10 cities.PloS one · 2025Observational
- State of the literature discussing smoke-free policies globally: A narrative review.Tobacco induced diseases · 2024Review
- Compliance with Section 7 (2) of the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) 2003, Ban of Sale of Loose Tobacco, in Karnataka: A Cross-Sectional Study.Indian journal of psychological medicine · 2023Article
- Compliance with smoke-free legislation in public places: An observational study in a northeast city of Bangladesh.PloS one · 2023Article
- The incidence and mortality of lung cancer in China: a trend analysis and comparison with G20 based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- Feasibility of the novel 'Tobacco-Free Hospital' model and its compliance assessment at a tertiary care hospital of New Delhi, India.Journal of education and health promotion · 2022Article
- Compliance with the smoke-free public places legislation in Nepal: A cross-sectional study from Biratnagar Metropolitan City.PloS one · 2022Article
- Implementation of the Smoke-Free Policy in Medan City, Indonesia: Compliance and Challenges.International journal of preventive medicine · 2022Article
- University Staff and Students' Attitudes towards a Completely Smoke-Free Campus: Shifting Social Norms and Organisational Culture for Health Promotion.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Adherence to smoke-free policies in Ghana: Findings from a cross-sectional survey of hospitality venue owners and staff.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2021Article
- Compliance with Smoke-Free Policy and Challenges in Implementation: Evidence from Bengkulu, Indonesia.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2020Article
- Implementation of smoke-free law in Denpasar Bali: Between compliance and social norms of smoking.Journal of public health research · 2020Article
- The scope of tobacco cessation randomized controlled trials in low- to middle-income countries: protocol for a scoping review.Systematic reviews · 2020Article
- Exposure to secondhand smoke in hospitality settings in Ghana: Evidence of changes since implementation of smoke-free legislation.Tobacco induced diseases · 2020Article
- Monitoring Compliance and Examining Challenges of a Smoke-free Policy in Jayapura, Indonesia.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2019Article
- Tobacco, Cigarettes, and the Liver: The Smoking Gun.Journal of clinical and experimental hepatologyReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIndian smoke-free legislation requires prohibition of smoking at public places and owners of public places to display 'no smoking' signages. AIMS AND
objectivesThe study aims to assess the compliance of public places with smoke-free legislation and determine the factors associated with active smoking in public places. METHODOLOGY: This was a cross-sectional analytic observational quantitative survey conducted by a team of trained field investigators using a structured observational checklist across 6875 public places in Punjab state of India. The study was carried out over a period of 3 years.
resultsA total of 6875 public places across 22 districts of Punjab were observed. The overall compliance to smoke-free law in Punjab was 83.8%. The highest overall compliance was observed in healthcare facilities (89.6%) and least in transit stations (78.8%). Less active smoking was observed in public places where display of 'no smoking' signage compliant with smoke-free law of India was present (adjusted OR 0.6). Further, there was a positive association between active smoking and places where the owner of public places smoked (OR 5.2, CI 2.5 to 11.1).
conclusionMore than 80% of the public places in a jurisdiction in north India were compliant with the smoke-free legislation of India. 'No smoking' signages displayed as per legislation have an effect on curbing smoking behaviours at public places. It is recommended that policymakers should focus more on implementing the smoke-free law at transit sites and structured training sessions should be organised for owners of workplaces.
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