ArticlePloS one2017
General theory of skin reinforcement.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Adipocytes as core drivers of skin aging and novel targets for regeneration.Biogerontology · 2026Review
- Hybrid Cooperative Complexes of Low- and High-Molecular-Weight Hyaluronic Acid in Aesthetic Medicine.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Mechanisms of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist-Induced Facial Lipodystrophy and a Path Toward Prevention.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Article
- Poly-L-Lactic Acid Filler Increases Adipogenesis and Adiponectin in Aged Subcutaneous Tissue.Polymers · 2025Article
- Poly-D,L-Lactic Acid Fillers Increase Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Volume by Promoting Adipogenesis in Aged Animal Skin.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Skin Aging and the Upcoming Role of Ferroptosis in Geroscience.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- The Pressurized Skin: A Review on the Pathological Effect of Mechanical Pressure on the Skin from the Cellular Perspective.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- A hyaluronic acid-based filler reduces lipolysis in human mature adipocytes and maintains adherence and lipid accumulation of long-term differentiated human preadipocytes.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2021Article
- Theaflavin Chemistry and Its Health Benefits.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2021Review
- Caveolin-1 in skin aging - From innocent bystander to major contributor.Ageing research reviews · 2019Review
- Theaflavin-Enriched Fraction Stimulates Adipogenesis in Human Subcutaneous Fat Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Article
- Caveolin-1 as a pathophysiological factor and target in psoriasis.NPJ aging and mechanisms of disease · 2019Review
- Skin aging as a mechanical phenomenon: The main weak links.Nutrition and healthy aging · 2018Article
- Role of adipose tissue in facial aging.Clinical interventions in aging · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Macroscopic mechanical properties of human skin in vivo cannot be considered independent of adjacent subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT). The layered system skin/sWAT appears as the hierarchical structural composite in which single layers behave as fiber-reinforced structures. Effective macroscopic mechanical properties of such composites are mainly determined either by the properties of the skin or by those of the sWAT, dependent on the conditions of mechanical loading. Mechanical interactions between the skin and the adjacent sWAT associated with a mismatch in the mechanical moduli of these two layers can lead to production of the skin wrinkles. Reinforcement of the composite skin/sWAT can take place in different ways. It can be provided through reorientation of collagen fibers under applied loading, through production of new bonds between existing collagen fibers and through induction of additional collagen structures. Effectiveness of this type of reinforcement is strongly dependent on the type of mechanical loading. Different physical interventions induce the reinforcement of at least one of these two layers, thus increasing the effective macroscopic stiffness of the total composite. At the same time, the standalone reinforcement of the skin appears to be less effective to achieve a delay or a reduction of the apparent signs of skin aging relative to the reinforcement of the sWAT.
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Registered trials
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