ArticleArchives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition2018
Perinatal risk factors for neonatal encephalopathy: an unmatched case-control study.
Article in Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of melatonin in term neonatal models of perinatal hypoxia-ischaemia.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of intra-partum Oxytocin on neonatal encephalopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2021Pooled it
- Neurological Outcome Following Newborn Encephalopathy With and Without Perinatal Infection: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Pooled it
- Risk factors for unfavorable outcome at discharge of newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in the era of hypothermia.Pediatric research · 2023Trial
- Prevalence, risk factors and adverse outcomes of intrapartum related asphyxia amongst newborns from mothers with low-risk deliveries in peri-urban Gambian health facilities: a retrospective cohort study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Observational
- Comparing neuroprotective drug efficacy in rodent neonatal brain injury models.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Postnatal Azithromycin Is Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory in a Piglet Model of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.Stroke · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial dysfunction in neonatal brain injury: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic interventions.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Neonatal encephalopathy and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: the state of the art.Pediatric research · 2025Review
- Comparing Neuroprotective Drug Efficacy in Rodent Neonatal Brain Injury Models.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Predicting Neonatal Morbidity and Correlations with Maternal and Neonatal Biomarkers in Connection with Fetal Inflammatory Response Syndrome in Premature Births.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Embelin Mitigates the Impact of Perinatal Inflammation on Neuron Development by Inhibiting 5-Lipoxygenase-Mediated Ferroptosis.Phytotherapy research : PTR · 2025Article
- Stay cool and keep moving forwards.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Evaluating predictive values of umbilical cord arterial lactate for adverse newborn outcomes among term-births in northern Uganda: A cross sectional analytical study.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2025Article
- Establishment of a neonatal resuscitation registry in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: An open cohort study.PloS one · 2025Article
- Neurological examination of healthy term infants at ages 6 and 10 weeks in Tshwane District.The South African journal of physiotherapy · 2024Article
- Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy based on clinical signs and symptoms and associated factors among neonates, Southern Ethiopian public hospitals: a case-control study.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Article
- Comparing the efficacy in reducing brain injury of different neuroprotective agents following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in newborn rats: a multi-drug randomized controlled screening trial.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Neuroprotective therapies in the NICU in term infants: present and future.Pediatric research · 2023Review
- Labor augmentation with oxytocin in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.AJOG global reports · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveNeonatal encephalopathy (NE) is the third leading cause of child mortality. Preclinical studies suggest infection and inflammation can sensitise or precondition the newborn brain to injury. This study examined perinatal risks factor for NE in Uganda.
designUnmatched case-control study.
settingMulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.
methods210 term infants with NE and 409 unaffected term infants as controls were recruited over 13 months. Data were collected on preconception, antepartum and intrapartum exposures. Blood culture, species-specific bacterial real-time PCR, C reactive protein and placental histology for chorioamnionitis and funisitis identified maternal and early newborn infection and inflammation. Multivariable logistic regression examined associations with NE.
resultsNeonatal bacteraemia (adjusted OR (aOR) 8.67 (95% CI 1.51 to 49.74), n=315) and histological funisitis (aOR 11.80 (95% CI 2.19 to 63.45), n=162) but not chorioamnionitis (aOR 3.20 (95% CI 0.66 to 15.52), n=162) were independent risk factors for NE. Among encephalopathic infants, neonatal case fatality was not significantly higher when exposed to early neonatal bacteraemia (OR 1.65 (95% CI 0.62 to 4.39), n=208). Intrapartum antibiotic use did not improve neonatal survival (p=0.826). After regression analysis, other identified perinatal risk factors (n=619) included hypertension in pregnancy (aOR 3.77), male infant (aOR 2.51), non-cephalic presentation (aOR 5.74), lack of fetal monitoring (aOR 2.75), augmentation (aOR 2.23), obstructed labour (aOR 3.8) and an acute intrapartum event (aOR 8.74).
conclusionsPerinatal infection and inflammation are independent risk factors for NE in this low-resource setting, supporting a role in the aetiological pathway of term brain injury. Intrapartum antibiotic administration did not mitigate against adverse outcomes. The importance of intrapartum risk factors in this sub-Saharan African setting is highlighted.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.