ArticleBiological psychiatry2017
Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations of Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder With Inflammatory and Endothelial Function Markers in Women.
Article in Biological psychiatry, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Peripheral blood levels of C-reactive protein in posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Moderate dose of dietary nitrate improves skeletal muscle microvascular function in patients with peripheral artery disease.Microvascular research · 2023Trial
- Psychological, neuroendocrine and inflammatory stress responses in women after miscarriage or stillbirth: investigating early psychobiological adaptations to potential traumatic events.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025Article
- Psychological trauma increases blood pressure sensitivity to angiotensin II via T-lymphocytes independent of psychopathology.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Involvement of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), Inflammasome NLRP3, and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Pathway in Cellular Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation in PTSD.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Research Progress on Inflammation and Immune Dysregulation in PTSD.Brain and behavior · 2025Review
- C-reactive protein as a possible indicator of PTSD prognosis and comorbid anhedonia.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Associations between common contraceptive use and circulating inflammatory biomarkers.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Psychological trauma increases blood pressure sensitivity to angiotensin II via T-lymphocytes independent of psychopathology.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Article
- The Role of Psychosocial Stress on Cardiovascular Disease in Women: JACC State-of-the-Art Review.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2024Review
- Advances in the role of the GADD45 family in neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Review
- A marginal structural model to estimate the effect of antidepressant medication treatment on major cardiovascular events among people with post-traumatic stress disorder.Psychological medicine · 2023Article
- The association of trauma with self-reported flares and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, and Accelerated Aging: Leukocyte Telomere Length in the Nurses' Health Study II.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2023Article
- Association of systemic inflammation with posttraumatic stress disorder after a myocardial infarction.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2023Article
- Molecular signatures of post-traumatic stress disorder in war-zone-exposed veteran and active-duty soldiers.Cell reports. Medicine · 2023Article
- Sex-specific immune mechanisms in PTSD symptomatology and risk: A translational overview and perspectives.Brain research bulletin · 2023Review
- Psychological and biological mechanisms linking trauma with cardiovascular disease risk.Translational psychiatry · 2023Review
- PTSD, Immune System, and Inflammation.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may contribute to heightened cardiovascular disease risk by promoting a proinflammatory state and impaired endothelial function. Previous research has demonstrated associations of PTSD with inflammatory and endothelial function biomarkers, but most work has been cross-sectional and does not separate the effects of trauma exposure from those of PTSD.
methodsWe investigated associations of trauma exposure and chronic PTSD with biomarkers of inflammation (C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor II) and endothelial function (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) in 524 middle-aged women in the Nurses' Health Study II. Using linear mixed models, we examined associations of trauma/PTSD status with biomarkers measured twice, 10 to 16 years apart, in cardiovascular disease-free women, considering either average levels over time (cross-sectional) or change in levels over time (longitudinal). Biomarker levels were log-transformed. Trauma/PTSD status (based on structured diagnostic interviews) was defined as no trauma at either blood draw (n = 175), trauma at blood draw 1 but no PTSD at either draw (n = 175), and PTSD that persisted beyond blood draw 1 (chronic PTSD; n = 174). The reference group was women without trauma.
resultsIn models adjusted for known potential confounders, women with chronic PTSD had higher average C-reactive protein (B = 0.27, p < .05), tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor II (B = 0.07, p < .01), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (B = 0.04, p < .05) levels. Women with trauma but without PTSD had higher average tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor II levels (B = 0.05, p < .05). In addition, women with chronic PTSD had a greater increase in vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 over time (B = 0.003, p < .05).
conclusionsIncreased inflammation and impaired endothelial function may be pathways by which chronic PTSD increases cardiovascular disease risk.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.