ArticleJournal of human evolution2017
Predation by female chimpanzees: Toward an understanding of sex differences in meat acquisition in the last common ancestor of Pan and Homo.
Article in Journal of human evolution, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Female Affiliation and Status in Semi-Free-Ranging Chimpanzees.American journal of biological anthropology · 2026Article
- Sex and Age Differences in Decision-Making Under Risk by Wild Balinese Long-Tailed Macaques (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Chimpanzee locomotor risk-taking points to the importance of parental and alloparental supervision in humans.iScience · 2026Article
- Small vertebrate consumption by capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus): Insights into the human predatory pattern.PloS one · 2026Article
- Running the Risk: Road-Crossing Behavior in Wild Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in an Anthropogenic Habitat in Uganda.American journal of primatology · 2025Article
- Individual differences in sociocognitive traits in semi-free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).American journal of primatology · 2025Article
- Sex differences in health burdens across the lifespan in wild chimpanzees (Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2025Article
- Flexible information-seeking in chimpanzees.Cognition · 2024Article
- A case of suspected chimpanzee scavenging in the Issa Valley, Tanzania.Primates; journal of primatology · 2024Article
- The evolution of early hominin food production and sharing.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Wild Chimpanzee Welfare: A Focus on Nutrition, Foraging and Health to Inform Great Ape Welfare in the Wild and in Captivity.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Review
- Vocal signals facilitate cooperative hunting in wild chimpanzees.Science advances · 2022Article
- Slow loris (Nycticebus borneanus) consumption by a wild Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii).Primates; journal of primatology · 2022Article
- Prey preferences of the chimpanzee (Ecology and evolution · 2021Article
- Variation in primate decision-making under uncertainty and the roots of human economic behaviour.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2021Review
- Balancing costs and benefits in primates: ecological and palaeoanthropological views.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2021Review
- Hunting of mammals by central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in the Loango National Park, Gabon.Primates; journal of primatology · 2021Article
- Insights into human evolution from 60 years of research on chimpanzees at Gombe.Evolutionary human sciences · 2021Article
- Longitudinal changes in the targets of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) hunts at Mahale Mountains National Park: how and why did they begin to intensively hunt red colobus (Piliocolobus rufomitratus) in the 1980s?Primates; journal of primatology · 2020Article
- Wood and meat as complementary sources of sodium for Kanyawara chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).American journal of physical anthropology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 9 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Among modern foraging societies, men hunt more than women, who mostly target relatively low-quality, reliable resources (i.e., plants). This difference has long been assumed to reflect human female reproductive constraints, particularly caring for and provisioning mates and offspring. Long-term studies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) enable tests of hypotheses about the possible origins of human sex differences in hunting, prior to pair-bonding and regular provisioning. We studied two eastern chimpanzee communities (Kasekela, Mitumba) in Gombe, Tanzania and one (Kanyawara) in Kibale, Uganda. Relative to males, females had low hunting rates in all three communities, even where they encountered red colobus monkeys (the primary prey of chimpanzees) as often as males did. There was no evidence that clinging offspring hampered female hunting. Instead, consistent with the hypothesis that females should be more risk-averse than males, females at all three sites specialized in low-cost prey (terrestrial/sedentary prey at Gombe; black and white colobus monkeys at Kanyawara). Female dominance rank was positively correlated with red colobus hunting probability only at Kasekela, suggesting that those in good physical condition were less sensitive to the costs of possible failure. Finally, the potential for carcass appropriation by males deterred females at Kasekela (but not Kanyawara or Mitumba) from hunting in parties containing many adult males. Although chimpanzees are not direct analogs of the last common ancestor (LCA) of Pan and Homo, these results suggest that before the emergence of social obligations regarding sharing and provisioning, constraints on hunting by LCA females did not necessarily stem from maternal care. Instead, they suggest that a risk-averse foraging strategy and the potential for losing prey to males limited female predation on vertebrates. Sex differences in hunting behavior would likely have preceded the evolution of the sexual division of labor among modern humans.
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Registered trials
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