ArticlePloS one2017
The New Zealand Indices of Multiple Deprivation (IMD): A new suite of indicators for social and health research in Aotearoa, New Zealand.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers.
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59 citing papers in PubMed.
- Neonatal and maternal outcomes at early vs. full term following induction of labor; A secondary analysis of the OBLIGE randomized trial.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2024Trial
- Cytisine versus varenicline for smoking cessation in New Zealand indigenous Māori: a randomized controlled trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2021Trial
- Exercise capacity and cardiac function in adolescents born post-term.Scientific reports · 2018Trial
- An address-based geospatial linkage workflow for assigning New Zealand Index of Deprivation measures across census years, 1991-2023.MethodsX · 2026Article
- Help-Seeking by Women and Men After Experiencing Any IPV, Including Physical, Sexual, and Psychological IPV, Controlling Behaviors, or Economic Abuse: A Population-Based Study From New Zealand.Journal of interpersonal violence · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific BMI Trajectories in Young People With Type 1 Diabetes: A 20-Year Retrospective Regional Audit.Pediatric diabetes · 2026Article
- Article
- An index of multiple deprivation in Sweden: measuring area-level socio-economic inequalities.European journal of public health · 2025Article
- Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and the risk of gout: a UK Biobank prospective cohort study.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Utilisation of specialist mental health and addiction services in New Zealand: a comparative analysis of refugees with the general population.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Transport practices of Māori Kaumātua (Indigenous elders) in Aotearoa New Zealand: baseline findings from prospective older adults transport and health study (NZPATHS).BMC public health · 2025Article
- Muscle strength and mass as predictors of pancreatic cancer: insights from the UK biobank.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Effect of Moderate Red Meat Intake Compared With Plant-Based Meat Alternative on Psychological Well-Being: A 10-Wk Cluster Randomized Intervention in Healthy Young Adults.Current developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- The impact of area deprivation on access to and utilization of health services in the last year of life: A retrospective population-based cohort study.Palliative care and social practice · 2025Article
- Automating advocacy: creating local alcohol harm risk profiles to assist community input into alcohol license applications.Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · 2025Article
- How much do local health systems matter? Variations in amenable mortality across health districts in Aotearoa New Zealand.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Nurses' work in relation to patient health outcomes: an observational study comparing models of primary care.International journal for equity in health · 2024Observational
- Daily Temperatures and Child Hospital Admissions in Aotearoa New Zealand: Case Time Series Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Population-Level Impacts of Alcohol Use on Mental and Physical Health Outcomes.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Association between Paediatric Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use and Parental Health Literacy, Child Health, and Socio-Economic Variables: A Prospective Study.Pediatric reports · 2024Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
For the past 20 years, the New Zealand Deprivation Index (NZDep) has been the universal measure of area-based social circumstances for New Zealand (NZ) and often the key social determinant used in population health and social research. This paper presents the first theoretical and methodological shift in the measurement of area deprivation in New Zealand since the 1990s and describes the development of the New Zealand Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD). We briefly describe the development of Data Zones, an intermediary geographical scale, before outlining the development of the New Zealand Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), which uses routine datasets and methods comparable to current international deprivation indices. We identified 28 indicators of deprivation from national health, social development, taxation, education, police databases, geospatial data providers and the 2013 Census, all of which represented seven Domains of deprivation: Employment; Income; Crime; Housing; Health; Education; and Geographical Access. The IMD is the combination of these seven Domains. The Domains may be used individually or in combination, to explore the geography of deprivation and its association with a given health or social outcome. Geographic variations in the distribution of the IMD and its Domains were found among the District Health Boards in NZ, suggesting that factors underpinning overall deprivation are inconsistent across the country. With the exception of the Access Domain, the IMD and its Domains were statistically and moderately-to-strongly associated with both smoking rates and household poverty. The IMD provides a more nuanced view of area deprivation circumstances in Aotearoa NZ. Our vision is for the IMD and the Data Zones to be widely used to inform research, policy and resource allocation projects, providing a better measurement of area deprivation in NZ, improved outcomes for Māori, and a more consistent approach to reporting and monitoring the social climate of NZ.
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