ReviewFrontiers in immunology2017
Melanomacrophage Centers As a Histological Indicator of Immune Function in Fish and Other Poikilotherms.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 267 citations in OpenAlex.
- Histological and Lectinhistochemical Pattern of the Inflammatory Response toAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Histo-anatomical atlas of Garra rufa and its thermal tolerance at human body temperature.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Nanotechnology-Based Immunostimulants in Aquaculture: Mechanisms, Advances and Practical Applications.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Review
- Molecular Drivers of Mutualistic Association Between Anemone and Anemonefish.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Melanin Deposition and Screening of Melanogenesis-Related Differential RNAs and Construction of ceRNA Regulatory Network in Liancheng White Ducks.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Dose-dependent acute toxicity of chitosan nanoparticles with dual assessment of multisystem toxicopathology and oxidative stress biomarkers in Nile tilapia.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Acute effect of tetracycline on systemic stress markers and organ histopathology in juvenile Nile tilapia,Toxicology reports · 2026Article
- Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals IgMZoological research · 2026Article
- Dietary date palm seed nanoparticles modulate biochemical parameters, immune-antioxidant gene expression, and histomorphology in Nile tilapia.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Look Trout in the Eye: Corneal Biomarkers of Ammonia Stress in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Treated with TiOVeterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Descriptive histopathological assessment of kidney and gill tissues inOpen veterinary journal · 2026Article
- INHAND: Non-proliferative and proliferative lesions of fish - Chapter 5. Fish hematolymphoid system.Journal of toxicologic pathology · 2026Article
- Resolving the cellular profile of germinal center-analogous microstructures in zebrafish.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and growth-promoting properties of Avicennia marina leaf extract on Nile tilapia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Insights Into Stria Vascular Function, Stria Immunity, and Age-Related Hearing Loss.Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : JARO · 2025Review
- Label-free photoacoustic imaging of glassfrog development.Photoacoustics · 2025Article
- Histological studies on the ontogeny of the big-belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis).Fish physiology and biochemistry · 2025Article
- Dietary transition from pelleted feed to live fry of two brown trout (Salmo trutta) morphs, reared for reintroduction.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Characterization of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from freshwater fish with control trial.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The axillary lymphoid organ is an external, experimentally accessible immune organ in the zebrafish.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Article
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) are aggregates of highly pigmented phagocytes found primarily in the head kidney and spleen, and occasionally the liver of many vertebrates. Preliminary histological analyses suggested that MMCs are structurally similar to the mammalian germinal center (GC), leading to the hypothesis that the MMC plays a role in the humoral adaptive immune response. For this reason, MMCs are frequently described in the literature as "primitive GCs" or the "evolutionary precursors" to the mammalian GC. However, we argue that this designation may be premature, having been pieced together from mainly descriptive studies in numerous distinct species. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the MMC literature, including a phylogenetic analysis of MMC distribution across vertebrate species. Here, we discuss the current understanding of the MMCs function in immunity and lingering questions. We suggest additional experiments needed to confirm that MMCs serve a GC-like role in fish immunity. Finally, we address the utility of the MMC as a broadly applicable histological indicator of the fish (as well as amphibian and reptilian) immune response in both laboratory and wild populations of both model and non-model vertebrates. We highlight the factors (sex, pollution exposure, stress, stocking density, etc.) that should be considered when using MMCs to study immunity in non-model vertebrates in wild populations.
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