ArticleEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2017
Interrelationships Between Walkability, Air Pollution, Greenness, and Body Mass Index.
Article in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of greenspaces exposure with cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2024Pooled it
- The Influence of Green Space on Obesity in China: A Systematic Review.Obesity facts · 2022Pooled it
- Green Space Exposure Association with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Physical Activity, and Obesity: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Long-Term Exposure to Residential Greenspace and Healthy Ageing: a Systematic Review.Current environmental health reports · 2020Pooled it
- Precision greenness exposure is associated with lung cancer risk in medicare beneficiaries.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2026Article
- The environmental exposome in heart failure risk and progression.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2026Review
- Gene-Environment Interplay Between Residential Walkability and BMI: A Finnish Twin Study.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2026Article
- Association of Air Pollution With Adiposity Rates in Active Runners and Inactive People.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Article
- Greenspace proximity in relation to sleep health among a racially and ethnically diverse cohort of US women.Environmental research · 2025Article
- The Association between Multiple Environmental Exposures and Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in a Prospective, US-Based Cohort Study.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Long-term exposure to residential greenness and cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in China.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Neighbourhoods' social, built, and natural environment characteristics and body mass index in Latin American cities.International journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Environmental factors affecting the BMI of older adults in the Philippines spatially assessed using machine learning.Heliyon · 2025Article
- Inequitable Spatial and Temporal Patterns in the Distribution of Multiple Environmental Risks and Benefits in Metro Vancouver.GeoHealth · 2024Article
- Minute level smartphone derived exposure to greenness and consumer wearable derived physical activity in a cohort of US women.Environmental research · 2023Article
- Exposure to Neighborhood Walkability and Residential Greenness and Incident Fracture.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Associations between pregnancy glucose measurements and risk of preterm birth: a retrospective cohort study of commercially insured women in the United States from 2003 to 2021.Annals of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Advancing Exposomic Research in Prenatal Respiratory Disease Programming.Immunology and allergy clinics of North America · 2023Review
- The association between outdoor air pollution and body mass index, central obesity, and visceral adiposity index among middle-aged and elderly adults: a nationwide study in China.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- The Weight of Place: Built Environment Correlates of Obesity and Diabetes.Endocrine reviews · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRecent studies have linked urban environmental factors and body mass index (BMI); however, such factors are often examined in isolation, ignoring correlations across exposures.
methodsUsing data on Nurses' Health Study participants living in the Northeastern United States in 2006, we estimated associations between neighborhood walkability (a composite of population density, street connectivity, and business access), greenness (from satellite imagery), and ambient air pollution (from satellite-based spatiotemporally resolved PM2.5 predictions and weighted monthly average concentrations of NO2 from up to five nearest monitors) and self-reported BMI using generalized additive models, allowing for deviations from linearity using penalized splines.
resultsAmong 23,435 women aged 60-87 years, we observed nonlinear associations between walkability and BMI and between PM2.5 and BMI in single-exposure models adjusted for age, race, and individual- and area-level socioeconomic status. When modeling all exposures simultaneously, only the association between walkability and BMI remained nonlinear and nonmonotonic. Increasing walkability was associated with increasing BMI at lower levels of walkability (walkability index <1.8), while increasing walkability was linked to lower BMI in areas of higher walkability (walkability index >1.8). A 10 percentile increase in walkability, right above 1.8 was associated with a 0.84% decrease in log BMI. The relationship between walkability and BMI existed only among younger participants (<71 years old).
conclusionsNeighborhood walkability was nonlinearly linked to lower BMI independent of air pollution and greenness. Our findings highlight the importance of accounting for nonlinear confounding by interrelated urban environmental factors when investigating associations between the environment and BMI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.