ArticleParasites & vectors2017
Anopheles gambiae larvae mount stronger immune responses against bacterial infection than adults: evidence of adaptive decoupling in mosquitoes.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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33 citing papers in PubMed, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Characterization of Anopheles gambiae immune cells through genetic and functional immunophenotyping.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Gut bacteria induce heterologous immune priming in Rhodnius prolixus encompassing both humoral and cellular immune responses.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Isolation and characterization of an antibiofilm bacteriophage against Klebsiella michiganensis and evaluation of its therapeutic potential in an insect larval gut colonization model.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Larvicidal and Immunomodulatory Effects of Conidia and Blastospores ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Expression of endogenous Anopheles gambiae microRNAs using an Anopheles gambiae densovirus (AgDNV) intronic expression system.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Fluctuating Warm and Humid Conditions Differentially Impact Immunity and Development in the Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi.Global change biology · 2025Article
- Mosquito immune cells enhance dengue and Zika virus infection in Aedes aegypti.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Thermal adaptation inProceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Exploring new dimensions of immune cell biology inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- A novel broad-spectrum antibacterial and anti-malarial Anopheles gambiae Cecropin promotes microbial clearance during pupation.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Warmer environmental temperature accelerates aging in mosquitoes, decreasing longevity and worsening infection outcomes.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2024Article
- Exploring the midgut physiology of the non-haematophagous mosquitoOpen biology · 2024Article
- Higher temperature accelerates the aging-dependent weakening of the melanization immune response in mosquitoes.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Infection risk by oral contamination does not induce immune priming in the mealworm beetle (Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Mosquito larvae exposed to a sublethal dose of photosensitive insecticides have altered juvenile development but unaffected adult life history traits.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
- Nutritional stress compromises mosquito fitness and antiviral immunity, while enhancing dengue virus infection susceptibility.Communications biology · 2023Article
- Extracellular vesicles secreted by Brugia malayi microfilariae modulate the melanization pathway in the mosquito host.Scientific reports · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe immune system of adult mosquitoes has received significant attention because of the ability of females to vector disease-causing pathogens while ingesting blood meals. However, few studies have focused on the immune system of larvae, which, we hypothesize, is highly robust due to the high density and diversity of microorganisms that larvae encounter in their aquatic environments and the strong selection pressures at work in the larval stage to ensure survival to reproductive maturity. Here, we surveyed a broad range of cellular and humoral immune parameters in larvae of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and compared their potency to that of newly-emerged adults and older adults.
resultsWe found that larvae kill bacteria in their hemocoel with equal or greater efficiency compared to newly-emerged adults, and that antibacterial ability declines further with adult age, indicative of senescence. This phenotype correlates with more circulating hemocytes and a differing spatial arrangement of sessile hemocytes in larvae relative to adults, as well as with the individual hemocytes of adults carrying a greater phagocytic burden. The hemolymph of larvae also possesses markedly stronger antibacterial lytic and melanization activity than the hemolymph of adults. Finally, infection induces a stronger transcriptional upregulation of immunity genes in larvae than in adults, including differences in the immunity genes that are regulated.
conclusionsThese results demonstrate that immunity is strongest in larvae and declines after metamorphosis and with adult age, and suggest that adaptive decoupling, or the independent evolution of larval and adult traits made possible by metamorphosis, has occurred in the mosquito lineage.
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