ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2017
Estrogen Signaling Contributes to Sex Differences in Macrophage Polarization during Asthma.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 110 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
110 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 165 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of disrupted sleep on macrophage polarization: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies.BMC immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Sex differences in adult asthma and COPD therapy: a systematic review.Respiratory research · 2022Pooled it
- Randomized controlled trial demonstrating the benefits of delta inulin adjuvanted immunotherapy in patients with bee venom allergy.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2019Trial
- Repurposing Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors as Immunomodulators: Effects on Macrophage Activation and Polarization.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Pre-Treatment with Estradiol, But not Progesterone, Exacerbates DSS Colitis: Dysregulated Innate Immunity and Impaired Epithelial Damage Response.Inflammation · 2026Article
- Urinary sodium, table salt use and incidence of late-onset asthma in females and males: evidence from a large prospective cohort.ERJ open research · 2026Article
- Estrogen receptor β regulates sex-dependent airway mechanics and inflammation in a murine model of allergen exposure.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Modulation of alveolar macrophages by sex as a biological variable.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2026Article
- CD4Nature communications · 2026Article
- Sex chromosomes and gonadal sex interactions in airway and immune responses to allergen challenge.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2026Article
- The Impact of Aging and Sex on Corneal Nerve Density and Function.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- The X Factor in Immunity: Sex Differences Shaped by the X Chromosome.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Exploratory analysis of the impact of sex on sputum proteomic response to inhaled wood smoke in humans.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in innate immune cell responses: Impact on cancer immunity and response to therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Sex differences in immune cells: mechanistic perspectives and clinical correlates in physiology and disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- A Rare Case of Concurrent Tropheryma Whipplei and Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia in a Patient During Endocrine Therapy for Breast Cancer.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- The dysregulation of the immune microenvironment during endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia serves as a marker of endometrial carcinogenesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Hormone-dependent immune regulation shapes asthma heterogeneity across the female lifespan.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- P2X4 purinergic receptor loss alters macrophage homeostasis, cytokine secretion, and phagocytosis in a myeloid-specific P2X4 purinergic receptor knockout mouse.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Asthma Pathogenesis.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
50 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic Th2 inflammation in the lungs that constricts the airways and presents as coughing and wheezing. Asthma mostly affects boys in childhood and women in adulthood, suggesting that shifts in sex hormones alter the course of the disease. Alveolar macrophages have emerged as major mediators of allergic lung inflammation in animal models as well as humans. Whether sex differences exist in macrophage polarization and the molecular mechanism(s) that drive differential responses are not well understood. We found that IL-4-stimulated bone marrow-derived and alveolar macrophages from female mice exhibited greater expression of M2 genes in vitro and after allergen challenge in vivo. Alveolar macrophages from female mice exhibited greater expression of the IL-4Rα and estrogen receptor (ER) α compared with macrophages from male mice following allergen challenge. An ERα-specific agonist enhanced IL-4-induced M2 gene expression in macrophages from both sexes, but more so in macrophages from female mice. Furthermore, IL-4-stimulated macrophages from female mice exhibited more transcriptionally active histone modifications at M2 gene promoters than did macrophages from male mice. We found that supplementation of estrogen into ovariectomized female mice enhanced M2 polarization in vivo upon challenge with allergen and that macrophage-specific deletion of ERα impaired this M2 polarization. The effects of estrogen are long-lasting; bone marrow-derived macrophages from ovariectomized mice implanted with estrogen exhibited enhanced IL-4-induced M2 gene expression compared with macrophages from placebo-implanted littermates. Taken together, our findings suggest that estrogen enhances IL-4-induced M2 gene expression and thereby contributes to sex differences observed in asthma.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.