ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2017
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Breast Cancer.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Breast cancer incidence after hormonal treatment for infertility: A meta-analysis of population-based studies.Saudi medical journal · 2025Pooled it
- Translational interdisciplinary research on human chorionic gonadotropin's enhancement of neuroendocrine crosstalk: a novel medical hypothesis for systemic adjunctive treatment of psychiatric disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Clinicopathologic and Molecular Characteristics of and Diagnostic Dilemmas in Invasive Breast Carcinoma with Choriocarcinomatous Pattern apropos a New Case: A Literature Review with New Findings.Pathobiology : journal of immunopathology, molecular and cellular biology · 2022Pooled it
- Association between fertility treatments and breast cancer risk in women with a family history or BRCA mutations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Analysis of human chorionic gonadotropin glycoforms by nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: novel strategies based on mobile phase additive and adduct dissociation.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Unexpected elevation of β-hCG in EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma: a case study and implications for clinical practice.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- LK-1: an investigational therapy targeting hCG-β in metastatic breast, bladder, ovarian, and cervical cancers.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Paraneoplastic β-hCG secretion in a postmenopausal woman with sarcoma, endometrial carcinoma, and metastatic lung disease: a case report and review of the literature.BMC women's health · 2026Review
- Diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer during pregnancy: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Conception and Concern: A Review of Breast Cancer Risk in Assisted Reproductive Technology.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- BMP4-Induced Suppression of Breast Cancer Metastasis Is Associated with Inhibition of Cholesterol Biosynthesis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- In vitro fertilization impact on the risk of breast cancer.Archive of clinical cases · 2024Review
- Generation of epitope-specific hCG aptamers through a novel targeted selection approach.PloS one · 2024Article
- Quantification of hCG Hormone Using Tapered Optical Fiber Decorated with Gold Nanoparticles.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Review
- Association of serum beta hCG levels in women with palpable malignant breast lesions.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Mechanism of human chorionic gonadotropin in endometrial receptivity via the miR-126-3p/PI3K/Akt/eNOS axis.The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences · 2023Article
- Case Report: Complete pathological remission of human chorionic gonadotrophin-producing gallbladder carcinoma with multiple liver metastases after treatment with chemotherapy plus an immune checkpoint inhibitor.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Antitumor Activity of Choerospondias axillaris Fruit Extract by Regulating the Expression of SNCAIP and SNCA on MDA-MB-231 Cells.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Breast cancer is well known as a malignancy being strongly influenced by female steroids. Pregnancy is a protective factor against breast cancer. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is a candidate hormone which could mediate this antitumoral effect of pregnancy. For this review article, all original research articles on the role of HCG in breast cancer were considered, which are listed in PubMed database and were written in English. The role of HCG in breast cancer seems to be a paradox. Placental heterodimeric HCG acts as a protective agent by imprinting a permanent genomic signature of the mammary gland determining a refractory condition to malignant transformation which is characterized by cellular differentiation, apoptosis and growth inhibition. On the other hand, ectopic expression of β-HCG in various cancer entities is associated with poor prognosis due to its tumor-promoting function. Placental HCG and ectopically expressed β-HCG exert opposite effects on breast tumorigenesis. Therefore, mimicking pregnancy by treatment with HCG is suggested as a strategy for breast cancer prevention, whereas targeting β-HCG expressing tumor cells seems to be an option for breast cancer therapy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.