ArticleViruses2017
Characterization of Two Historic Smallpox Specimens from a Czech Museum.
Article in Viruses, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
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- An Update of Orthopoxvirus Molecular Evolution.Viruses · 2022Article
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- Variola virus genome sequenced from an eighteenth-century museum specimen supports the recent origin of smallpox.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2020Article
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- Smallpox in the Post-Eradication Era.Viruses · 2020Review
- Bayesian Phylogeography and Pathogenic Characterization of Smallpox Based on HA, ATI, and CrmB Genes.Molecular biology and evolution · 2018Article
- Synthetic horsepox viruses and the continuing debate about dual use research.PLoS pathogens · 2018Article
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- Loeffler 4.0: Diagnostic Metagenomics.Advances in virus research · 2017Review
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Authors and funding
23 authors at 10 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although smallpox has been known for centuries, the oldest available variola virus strains were isolated in the early 1940s. At that time, large regions of the world were already smallpox-free. Therefore, genetic information of these strains can represent only the very last fraction of a long evolutionary process. Based on the genomes of 48 strains, two clades are differentiated: Clade 1 includes variants of variola major, and clade 2 includes West African and variola minor (Alastrim) strains. Recently, the genome of an almost 400-year-old Lithuanian mummy was determined, which fell basal to all currently sequenced strains of variola virus on phylogenetic trees. Here, we determined two complete variola virus genomes from human tissues kept in a museum in Prague dating back 60 and 160 years, respectively. Moreover, mass spectrometry-based proteomic, chemical, and microscopic examinations were performed. The 60-year-old specimen was most likely an importation from India, a country with endemic smallpox at that time. The genome of the 160-year-old specimen is related to clade 2 West African and variola minor strains. This sequence likely represents a new endemic European variant of variola virus circulating in the midst of the 19th century in Europe.
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