ArticleNature communications2017
Co-option of the cardiac transcription factor Nkx2.5 during development of the emu wing.
Article in Nature communications, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evolution of limb and digit identity genes since the tetrapod ancestor.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Degeneration and adaptive evolution of digits in ratite birds.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Immobilization secondary to cell death of muscle precursors with a dual transcriptional signature contributes to the emu wing skeletal pattern.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Boundary stacking interactions enable cross-TAD enhancer-promoter communication during limb development.Nature genetics · 2024Article
- 3D atlas of tinamou (Neornithes: Tinamidae) pectoral morphology: Implications for reconstructing the ancestral neornithine flight apparatus.Journal of anatomy · 2023Article
- Developmental regulation of conserved non-coding element evolution provides insights into limb loss in squamates.Science China. Life sciences · 2023Article
- (Non)Parallel developmental mechanisms in vertebrate appendage reduction and loss.Ecology and evolution · 2021Review
- Limb positioning and initiation: An evolutionary context of pattern and formation.Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists · 2021Review
- Longer or shorter spines: Reciprocal trait evolution in stickleback via triallelic regulatory changes inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Developmental Evolution: Downsizing Wings in the Flightless Emu.Current biology : CB · 2019Article
- Attenuated Fgf Signaling Underlies the Forelimb Heterochrony in the Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae.Current biology : CB · 2019Article
- Evolution of the avian digital pattern.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- The cardiac niche role in cardiomyocyte differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived stromal cells: comparison between static and microfluidic cell culture methods.EXCLI journal · 2018Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The ratites are a distinctive clade of flightless birds, typified by the emu and ostrich that have acquired a range of unique anatomical characteristics since diverging from basal Aves at least 100 million years ago. The emu possesses a vestigial wing with a single digit and greatly reduced forelimb musculature. However, the embryological basis of wing reduction and other anatomical changes associated with loss of flight are unclear. Here we report a previously unknown co-option of the cardiac transcription factor Nkx2.5 to the forelimb in the emu embryo, but not in ostrich, or chicken and zebra finch, which have fully developed wings. Nkx2.5 is expressed in emu limb bud mesenchyme and maturing wing muscle, and mis-expression of Nkx2.5 throughout the limb bud in chick results in wing reductions. We propose that Nkx2.5 functions to inhibit early limb bud expansion and later muscle growth during development of the vestigial emu wing.The transcription factor Nkx2.5 is essential for heart development. Here, the authors identify a previously unknown expression domain for Nkx2.5 in the emu wing and explore its role in diminished wing bud development in the flightless emu, compared with three other birds that have functional wings.
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