Observational studyThe spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society2018
Cervical flexion and extension includes anti-directional cervical joint motion in healthy adults.
Observational study in The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- In vivo 3D kinematic analysis of cervical facet joints under physiological loading in healthy individuals.Bone & joint research · 2026Article
- Anti-directional segmental motion during flexion and extension in the adolescent thoracolumbar spine: a normative study of 166 participants.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026Article
- [Radiological features of degenerative cervical kyphosis and relationship between sagittal parameters].Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery · 2022Article
- Sagittal intervertebral rotational motion: a deep learning-based measurement on flexion-neutral-extension cervical lateral radiographs.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2022Article
- Effects of experimental pain on the cervical spine reposition errors.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2022Article
- The global end-ranges of neck flexion and extension do not represent the maximum rotational ranges of the cervical intervertebral joints in healthy adults - an observational study.Chiropractic & manual therapies · 2021Observational
- Novel assessment of the variation in cervical inter-vertebral motor control in a healthy pain-free population.Scientific reports · 2021Article
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Abstract
background contextAnti-directional cervical joint motion has previously been demonstrated. However, quantitative studies of anti-directional and pro-directional cervical flexion and extension motions have not been published. PURPOSE: This study aimed for a quantitative assessment of directional and anti-directional cervical joint motion in healthy subjects. STUDY
designAn observational study was carried out. PATIENTS SAMPLE: Eighteen healthy subjects comprised the study sample. OUTCOME MEASURES: Anti-directional and pro-directional cervical flexion and extension motion from each cervical joint in degrees were the outcome measures.
methodsFluoroscopy videos of cervical flexion and extension motions (from neutral to end-range) were acquired from 18 healthy subjects. The videos were divided into 10% epochs of C0/C7 range of motion (ROM). The pro-directional and anti-directional motions in each 10% epoch were extracted, and the ratios of anti-directional motions with respect to the pro-directional motions (0%=no anti-directional movement) were calculated for joints and 10% epochs.
resultsThe flexion and extension ROM for C0/C7 were 51.9°±9.3° and 57.2°±12.2°. The anti-directional motions of flexion and extension ROM constituted 42.8%±9.7% and 41.2%±8.2% of the respective pro-directional movements. For flexion, the first three joints (C0/C1, C1/C2, C2/C3) demonstrated larger ratios compared with the last three joints (C4/C5, C5/C6, C6/C7) (p<.03). For extension, C1/C2 and C2/C3 ratios were larger compared with C0/C1, C4/C5, and C5/C6 (p<.03). Comparisons between flexion and extension motions showed larger C0/C1 ratio but smaller C5/C6 and C6/C7 ratios in extension (p<.05).
conclusionsThis is the first report of quantified anti-directional cervical flexion and extension motion. The anti-directional motion is approximately 40% of the pro-directional motion. The results document that large proportions of anti-directional cervical flexion and extension motions were normal.
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