Addressing Reverse Causation Bias in the Obesity Paradox Is Not "One Size Fits All".

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

Who cites it

11 citing papers in PubMed.

1. Body composition phenotypes are key predictors of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic multimorbidity and long-term mortality: insights from a population-based cohort study.Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society · 2026
   Article
2. A Nutrient Ratio-Based, Web-Enabled Food Quality Score Is Associated With Weight and Blood Pressure Compared With Leading Nutrient Profiling Systems.Current developments in nutrition · 2026
   Article
3. Population estimates, trends, characteristics and prognostic outcomes of cardiovascular-kidney-liver-metabolic health: A population-based study.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2026
   Article
4. The impact of body mass index on clinical outcomes in elderly sepsis patients: a retrospective study based on the MIMIC IV database.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2025
   Article
5. Risk of severe obesity development: Examining the role of psychological well-being related measures and sociodemographic factors in two longitudinal UK cohort studies.British journal of health psychology · 2025
   Article
6. Obesity, metabolic health and clinical outcomes after incident cardiovascular disease: A nationwide population-based cohort study.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2023
   Article
7. Obesity Paradox: Fact or Fiction?Current obesity reports · 2023
   Review
8. Diagnosis, Prevalence and Significance of Obesity in a Cohort of CKD Patients.Metabolites · 2023
   Article
9. Obesity and long-term outcomes after incident stroke: a prospective population-based cohort study.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2021
   Article
10. Influence of Diabetic Retinopathy on the Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Mortality in Patients with Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2020
    Article
11. Predicted lean body mass, fat mass, and all cause and cause specific mortality in men: prospective US cohort study.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2018
    Article

Corrections and comments

• Comment on
  BMI and All-Cause Mortality in Normoglycemia, Impaired Fasting Glucose, Newly Diagnosed Diabetes, and Prevalent Diabetes: A Cohort Study.2017

Authors and funding

1 author.

Funding

Abstract

PubMed holds no abstract for this paper.

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