ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2017
Feral Swine in the United States Have Been Exposed to both Avian and Swine Influenza A Viruses.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- A global-scale assessment of zoonotic virus diversity and spillover potential in urban-adapted mammal species.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Intrahost HA polymorphisms and culture adaptation shape antigenic profiles of H3N2 influenza viruses.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Ecological drivers of evolution of swine influenza in the United States: a review.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Review
- Community-Scale Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Viruses in Wild Mammals, United States, 2022-2023.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Risk of Swine Influenza Virus Spillover at the Human-Swine Interface - a Scoping Review.International journal of public health · 2025Article
- Serological Evidence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) in Invasive Wild Pigs in Western Canada.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2025Article
- Emerging threats of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in swine: knowledge gaps and the imperative for a One Health approach.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Review
- Large-Scale Serological Survey of Influenza A Virus in South Korean Wild Boar (Sus scrofa).EcoHealth · 2024Article
- Influenza D virus infection in China, 2022-2023.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Behavior of Wild Pigs toward Conspecific Carcasses: Implications for Disease Transmission in a Hot, Semiarid Climate.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2023Article
- Influenza A in Wild Boars: Viral Circulation in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Northern Italy) between 2017 and 2022.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- Article
- Article
- CAFOs, novel influenza, and the need for One Health approaches.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2021Review
- The first decade of research advances in influenza D virus.The Journal of general virology · 2021Review
- Review
- Tissue Tropisms of Avian Influenza A Viruses Affect Their Spillovers from Wild Birds to Pigs.Journal of virology · 2020Article
- Eco-Epidemiological Evidence of the Transmission of Avian and Human Influenza A Viruses in Wild Pigs in Campeche, Mexico.Viruses · 2020Article
- A Systematic Review Analyzing the Prevalence and Circulation of Influenza Viruses in Swine Population Worldwide.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Inferring seasonal infection risk at population and regional scales from serology samples.Ecology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) in swine can cause sporadic infections and pandemic outbreaks among humans, but how avian IAV emerges in swine is still unclear. Unlike domestic swine, feral swine are free ranging and have many opportunities for IAV exposure through contacts with various habitats and animals, including migratory waterfowl, a natural reservoir for IAVs. During the period from 2010 to 2013, 8,239 serum samples were collected from feral swine across 35 U.S. states and tested against 45 contemporary antigenic variants of avian, swine, and human IAVs; of these, 406 (4.9%) samples were IAV antibody positive. Among 294 serum samples selected for antigenic characterization, 271 cross-reacted with ≥1 tested virus, whereas the other 23 did not cross-react with any tested virus. Of the 271 IAV-positive samples, 236 cross-reacted with swine IAVs, 1 with avian IAVs, and 16 with avian and swine IAVs, indicating that feral swine had been exposed to both swine and avian IAVs but predominantly to swine IAVs. Our findings suggest that feral swine could potentially be infected with both avian and swine IAVs, generating novel IAVs by hosting and reassorting IAVs from wild birds and domestic swine and facilitating adaptation of avian IAVs to other hosts, including humans, before their spillover. Continued surveillance to monitor the distribution and antigenic diversities of IAVs in feral swine is necessary to increase our understanding of the natural history of IAVs.
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