ArticlePloS one2017
Pregnancy incidence and intention after HIV diagnosis among women living with HIV in Canada.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unintended pregnancy among women living with HIV and its predictors in East Africa, 2024. A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Reproductive decision-making of Black women living with HIV: A systematic review.Women's health (London, England)Pooled it
- Motivations to use hormonal contraceptive methods and condoms among HIV-positive and negative women randomized to a progestin contraceptive in Malawi: a qualitative study.BMC women's health · 2021Trial
- Reproductive stage and other risk factors associated with intimate partner violence: a multisite study of women with HIV in the United States.AIDS (London, England) · 2026Article
- Factors Associated With Retention in HIV Care Within 12 Months Postpartum: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2025Article
- Exploring the role of motherhood in healthcare engagement for women living with HIV in the USA.Culture, health & sexuality · 2025Article
- Modelling of childbearing progression among women living with HIV in Ibadan, Nigeria.BMC research notes · 2025Article
- HIV infection during pregnancy in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2021-2023.Revista brasileira de epidemiologia = Brazilian journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- HIV-Related Stigma Among Pregnant Adolescents: A Qualitative Study of Patient Perspectives in Southwestern Uganda.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Article
- Review
- Pregnancy incidence, outcomes and associated factors in a cohort of women living with HIV/AIDS in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1996-2016.Cadernos de saude publica · 2023Article
- Pregnancy in women living with perinatally acquired HIV: Perinatal outcomes and drug resistance profile.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2023Article
- Effect of predictors on incidence rate of pregnancy among reproductive age women on antiretroviral therapy at public hospitals of Jigjiga and Harar Towns, Eastern Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study.BMC women's health · 2022Article
- Factors associated with contraceptive use among women living with HIV in Canada: a controlled, cross-sectional study.Reproductive health · 2022Article
- Temporal trend and spatial distribution of cases of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2007-2017: an ecological study.Epidemiologia e servicos de saude : revista do Sistema Unico de Saude do Brasil · 2022Article
- A practical clinical guide to counselling on and managing contraception, pre-conception planning, and menopause for women living with HIV.Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada = Journal officiel de l'Association pour la microbiologie medicale et l'infectiologie Canada · 2021Article
- Discussing reproductive goals with healthcare providers among women living with HIV in Canada: the role of provider gender and patient comfort.Sexual and reproductive health matters · 2021Article
- Prevalence and correlates of having sexual and reproductive health priorities met by HIV providers among women living with HIV in a Canadian setting.Sexual & reproductive healthcare : official journal of the Swedish Association of Midwives · 2021Article
- Patterns of changing pregnancy intentions among women living with HIV in Canada.BMC women's health · 2021Article
- Summary of 2021 Clinical Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of HIV/AIDS in HIV-infected Koreans.Infection & chemotherapy · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPregnancy incidence rates among women living with HIV (WLWH) have increased over time due to longer life expectancy, improved health status, and improved access to and HIV prevention benefits of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). However, it is unclear whether intended or unintended pregnancies are contributing to observed increases.
methodsWe analyzed retrospective data from the Canadian HIV Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health Cohort Study (CHIWOS). Kaplan-Meier methods and GEE Poisson models were used to measure cumulative incidence and incidence rate of pregnancy after HIV diagnosis overall, and by pregnancy intention. We used multivariable logistic regression models to examine independent correlates of unintended pregnancy among the most recent/current pregnancy.
resultsOf 1,165 WLWH included in this analysis, 278 (23.9%) women reported 492 pregnancies after HIV diagnosis, 60.8% of which were unintended. Unintended pregnancy incidence (24.6 per 1,000 Women-Years (WYs); 95% CI: 21.0, 28.7) was higher than intended pregnancy incidence (16.6 per 1,000 WYs; 95% CI: 13.8, 20.1) (Rate Ratio: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2-1.8). Pregnancy incidence among WLWH who initiated cART before or during pregnancy (29.1 per 1000 WYs with 95% CI: 25.1, 33.8) was higher than among WLWH not on cART during pregnancy (11.9 per 1000 WYs; 95% CI: 9.5, 14.9) (Rate Ratio: 2.4, 95% CI: 2.0-3.0). Women with current or recent unintended pregnancy (vs. intended pregnancy) had higher adjusted odds of being single (AOR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.10, 3.42), younger at time of conception (AOR: 0.95 per year increase, 95% CI: 0.90, 0.99), and being born in Canada (AOR: 2.76, 95% CI: 1.55, 4.92).
conclusionNearly one-quarter of women reported pregnancy after HIV diagnosis, with 61% of all pregnancies reported as unintended. Integrated HIV and reproductive health care programming is required to better support WLWH to optimize pregnancy planning and outcomes and to prevent unintended pregnancy.
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