ArticleBMC public health2017
Smoking-related general and cause-specific mortality in Estonia.
Article in BMC public health, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative effectiveness of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on the number of smoked cigarettes in tobacco smokers.PloS one · 2019Trial
- From early smoking to COPD and other chronic respiratory disease: unraveling the roles of chemical pollutants and underlying toxicological mechanisms.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- Development and external validation of an interpretable machine learning model for diagnosing coronary heart disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and MASLD.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Genetic susceptibility to essential hypertension in the Chinese han population: a study on GAB1, GAB2, and GAB3 gene polymorphisms.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Article
- Relationship of tobacco smoking to cause-specific mortality: contemporary estimates from Australia.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- The Bacterial Role in the Progression of Breast Cancer through Mechanism of Gene Action: Future Prospects with Existing Studies.Current genomics · 2025Review
- The evaluation of complete blood count parameters in the patients with idiopathic versus secondary cerebral venous thrombosis.Current journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Construction and evaluation of a nomogram prediction model for aspiration pneumonia in patients with acute ischemic stroke.Heliyon · 2023Article
- The Effects of Immediate vs Gradual Reduction in Nicotine Content of Cigarettes on Smoking Behavior: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Drinking and smoking polygenic risk is associated with childhood and early-adulthood psychiatric and behavioral traits independently of substance use and psychiatric genetic risk.Translational psychiatry · 2021Article
- Genetic interaction between two VNTRs in the MAOA gene is associated with the nicotine dependence.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2020Article
- Cross-Sectional Study to Characterise Nicotine Dependence in Central Vietnamese Men.Substance abuse : research and treatment · 2019Article
- Prevalence of smoking in a psychiatric hospital and its relationship with respiratory symptoms and the prevalence of COPD.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2018Observational
- Genetic Interaction Between Two VNTRs in the SLC6A4 Gene Regulates Nicotine Dependence in Vietnamese Men.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2018Article
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: A Review.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTobacco smoking is known to be the single largest cause of premature death worldwide. The aim of present study was to analyse the effect of smoking on general and cause-specific mortality in the Estonian population.
methodsThe data from 51,756 adults in the Estonian Genome Center of the University of Tartu was used. Information on dates and causes of death was retrieved from the National Causes of Death Registry. Smoking status, general survival, general mortality and cause-specific mortality were analysed using Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox proportional hazards models.
resultsThe study found that smoking reduces median survival in men by 11.4 years and in women by 5.8 years. Tobacco smoking produces a very specific pattern in the cause of deaths, significantly increasing the risks for different cancers and cardiovascular diseases as causes of death for men and women. This study also identified that external causes, such as alcohol intoxication and intentional self-harm, are more prevalent causes of death among smokers than non-smokers. Additionally, smoking cessation was found to reverse the increased risks for premature mortality.
conclusionsTobacco smoking remains the major cause for losses of life inducing cancers and cardiovascular diseases. In addition to the common diseases, external causes also reduce substantially the years of life. External causes of death indicate that smoking has a long-term influence on the behaviour of smokers, provoking self-destructive behaviour. Our study supports the idea, that tobacco smoking generates complex harm to our health increasing mortality from both somatic and mental disorders.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.