ArticleBiomaterials2017
Macrophage exosomes as natural nanocarriers for protein delivery to inflamed brain.
Article in Biomaterials, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 334 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Focused Ultrasound Delivery of Exosomes for Treatment of Refractory Depression, Anxiety, and Neurodegenerative Dementias
The Use of Transcranial Focused Ultrasound for the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety
Who cites it
334 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 586 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extracellular vesicles: powerful candidates in nano-drug delivery systems.Drug delivery and translational research · 2024Pooled it
- Biomimetic membrane-coated metal nanoplatforms for enhanced BBB penetration and targeted glioblastoma therapy.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- Natural Killer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Preparations Demonstrate Potent Antitumor Activity Against Human Glioblastoma In Vitro and In Vivo.Journal of extracellular biology · 2026Article
- Hit the bull's eye: Engineered extracellular vesicles for targeted therapy.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Sequential-RSC pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Advances in nano-TCM for Alzheimer's disease: lipid-based carriers integrated with innovative delivery strategies.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Engineered Exosomes: Innovative Strategies for Precision Drug Delivery in Parkinson's Disease.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Decoding Immune Dysregulation in Sepsis Through Extracellular Vesicles: A Path to Precision Medicine.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Germ cell-directed exosomal delivery enables in vivo genetic modification in birds.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Barrier breakdown: lung-brain crosstalk in systemic inflammation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- The Status of Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Carriers and Therapeutics.Nature reviews bioengineering · 2026Article
- Hydrogel-extracellular vesicle engineering delivery system: a promising therapeutic strategy for wound healing.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Inflamed vessel-anchored release of HScience advances · 2026Article
- Harnessing CAR-Extracellular Vesicles for Next-Generation Cancer Immunotherapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers and Non-Surgical Therapeutics in Cardiovascular Diseases.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- cRGD-Functionalized macrophage extracellular vesicles loaded with GSK2033 enhance T cell antitumor immunity in GBM by disrupting the LXR/ABCA1-Mediated Myelin lipid transfer axis.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Exosome-loaded hydrogel systems for spinal cord injury repair: mechanisms, advancements, and future directions.Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine · 2026Review
- The Role of Exosomes in Pulmonary Hypertension: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicle therapeutics in Alzheimer's disease: mechanisms, progress, and prospects.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Exosome-Based Diagnostics and Cell-Free Therapeutics for Traumatic Brain Injury: From Mechanisms to Bedside.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
274 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Recent work has stimulated interest in the use of exosomes as nanocarriers for delivery of small drugs, RNAs, and proteins to the central nervous system (CNS). To overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB), exosomes were modified with brain homing peptides that target brain endothelium but likely to increase immune response. Here for the first time we demonstrate that there is no need for such modification to penetrate the BBB in mammals. The naïve macrophage (Mϕ) exosomes can utilize, 1) on the one hand, the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and, 2) on the other hand, the carbohydrate-binding C-type lectin receptors, to interact with brain microvessel endothelial cells comprising the BBB. Notably, upregulation of ICAM-1, a common process in inflammation, promotes Mϕ exosomes uptake in the BBB cells. We further demonstrate in vivo that naïve Mϕ exosomes, after intravenous (IV) administration, cross the BBB and deliver a cargo protein, the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), to the brain. This delivery is enhanced in the presence of brain inflammation, a condition often present in CNS diseases. Taken together, the findings are of interest to basic science and possible use of Mϕ-derived exosomes as nanocarriers for brain delivery of therapeutic proteins to treat CNS diseases.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.