ArticleJournal of human kinetics2017
Performance Trends in Master Butterfly Swimmers Competing in the FINA World Championships.
Article in Journal of human kinetics, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Age-Related Breakpoints in Pacing Variability and Performance in Masters Swimmers: A Segmented Regression Analysis of World Championship Male and Female Data.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Article
- Freestyle master's swimming: Nationality, sex, and performance trends in World Aquatics competitions (1986-2024).PloS one · 2025Article
- Sex difference in IRONMAN age group triathletes.PloS one · 2024Article
- Comparing the Performance Gap Between Males and Females in the Older Age Groups in IRONMAN® 70.3: An Internet-Based Cross-Sectional Study of More Than 800,000 Race Records.Sports medicine - open · 2023Article
- Exploration of Internal and External Factors of Swimmers' Performance Based on Biofluid Mechanics and Computer Simulation.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Pacing in World-Class Age Group Swimmers in 100 and 200 m Freestyle, Backstroke, Breaststroke, and Butterfly.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Sex Differences in Swimming Disciplines-Can Women Outperform Men in Swimming?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Review
- Can the Performance Gap between Women and Men be Reduced in Ultra-Cycling?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Pacing in World-Class Age Group Swimmers in 200 and 400 m Individual Medley.Frontiers in physiology · 2020Article
- Constituent Year Effect in Masters Sports: An Empirical View on the Historical Development in US Masters Swimming.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2019Article
- Women Reduce the Performance Difference to Men with Increasing Age in Ultra-Marathon Running.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- American Masters Road Running Records-The Performance Gap Between Female and Male Age Group Runners from 5 Km to 6 Days Running.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Changes in Jumping and Throwing Performances in Age-Group Athletes Competing in the European Masters Athletics Championships between 1978 and 2017.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- World Single Age Records in Running From 5 km to Marathon.Frontiers in psychology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Performance trends in elite butterfly swimmers are well known, but less information is available regarding master butterfly swimmers. We investigated trends in participation, performance and sex differences in 9,606 female and 13,250 male butterfly race times classified into five-year master groups, from 25-29 to 90-94 years, competing in the FINA World Masters Championships between 1986 and 2014. Trends in participation were analyzed using linear regression analysis. Trends in performance changes were investigated using mixed-effects regression analyses with sex, distance and a calendar year as fixed variables. We also considered interaction effects between sex and distance. Participation increased in master swimmers older than ~30-40 years. The men-to-women ratio remained unchanged across calendar years and master groups, but was lower in 200 m compared to 50 m and 100 m. Men were faster than women from 25-29 to 85-89 years (p < 0.05), although not for 90-94 years. Sex and distance showed a significant interaction in all master groups from 25-29 to 90-94 years for 200m (p < 0.05). For 50 m and 100 m, a significant sex × distance interaction was observed from 25-29 to 75-79 years (p < 0.05), but not in the older groups. In 50 m, women reduced the sex difference in master groups 30-34 to 60-64 years (p < 0.05). In 100 m, women decreased the gap to men in master groups 35-39 to 55-59 years (p < 0.05). In 200 m, the sex difference was reduced in master groups 30-34 to 40-44 years (p < 0.05). In summary, women and men improved performance at all distances, women were not slower compared to men in the master group 90-94 years; moreover, women reduced the gap to men between ~30 and ~60 years, although not in younger or older master groups.
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