ArticleFrontiers in immunology2017
What's Normal? Immune Profiling of Human Milk from Healthy Women Living in Different Geographical and Socioeconomic Settings.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 108 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Breast Milk Immunoglobulinome.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- Inflammatory Markers in Mother's Own Milk and Infant Stool of Very Low Birthweight Infants.Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association · 2023Trial
- Expression profiling of human milk derived exosomal microRNAs and their targets in HIV-1 infected mothers.Scientific reports · 2020Trial
- Adiposity-dependent adipokine-immunoglobulin interplay in mature breast milk.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Observational
- Lactoferrin and SIgA Concentrations in Human Milk of SARS-CoV-Infected Mothers-Polish Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Breastfeeding duration and the risk of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Association between breastfeeding duration and educational attainment in rural Southwest Uganda: a population-based cohort study.Global health action · 2024Article
- Maternal characteristics are associated with human milk anti-inflammatory proteins in two populations.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Evaluation of Selected Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Adipokines in Colostrum from Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Observational
- Article
- Immunological composition of human milk before and during subclinical and clinical mastitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Understanding the Immunological Quality of Breast Milk in Maternal Overweight and Obesity.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Human milk immune factors, maternal nutritional status, and infant sex: The INSPIRE study.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2023Article
- Article
- Parental factors that impact the ecology of human mammary development, milk secretion, and milk composition-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 1.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Article
- Summary of the Joint National Institutes of Health and the Food and Drug Administration Workshop Titled "Exploring the Science Surrounding the Safe Use of Bioactive Ingredients in Infant Formula: Considerations for an Assessment Framework".The Journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- Shaping infant development from the inside out: Bioactive factors in human milk.Seminars in perinatology · 2023Review
- Residential green environments are associated with human milk oligosaccharide diversity and composition.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Breast milk immune composition varies during the transition stage of lactation: characterization of immunotypes in the MAMI cohort.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Comparative proteomics of human milk casein fraction collected from women of Korean and Han ethnic groups in China.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
21 authors at 10 institutions in 9 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Human milk provides a very wide range of nutrients and bioactive components, including immune factors, human milk oligosaccharides, and a commensal microbiota. These factors are essential for interconnected processes including immunity programming and the development of a normal infant gastrointestinal microbiome. Newborn immune protection mostly relies on maternal immune factors provided through milk. However, studies dealing with an in-depth profiling of the different immune compounds present in human milk and with the assessment of their natural variation in healthy women from different populations are scarce. In this context, the objective of this work was the detection and quantification of a wide array of immune compounds, including innate immunity factors (IL1β, IL6, IL12, INFγ, TNFα), acquired immunity factors (IL2, IL4, IL10, IL13, IL17), chemokines (IL8, Groα, MCP1, MIP1β), growth factors [IL5, IL7, epidermal growth factor (EGF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, TGFβ2], and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM), in milk produced by healthy women of different ethnicities living in different geographic, dietary, socioeconomic, and environmental settings. Among the analyzed factors, IgA, IgG, IgM, EGF, TGFβ2, IL7, IL8, Groα, and MIP1β were detected in all or most of the samples collected in each population and, therefore, this specific set of compounds might be considered as the "core" soluble immune factors in milk produced by healthy women worldwide. This approach may help define which immune factors are (or are not) common in milk produced by women living in various conditions, and to identify host, lifestyle, and environmental factors that affect the immunological composition of this complex biological fluid.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.