ReviewFrontiers in endocrinology2017
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Antibodies in Pregnancy: Clinical Relevance.
Review in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal TSH-receptor antibodies predict fetal/neonatal hyperthyroidism in pregnancies with a history of Graves disease.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Observational
- Early predictors of 6-month thyroid-stimulating antibody levels after radioactive iodine therapy for Graves' disease: implications for pregnancy planning.Endocrine journal · 2026Article
- Article
- The Molecular and Cellular Basis of Physiological Changes in Pregnancy and Its Implications in Neurologic and Ophthalmic Pathologies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Incidence of the postpartum diagnosis of thyroid eye disease in relation to thyroid function in Graves' disease.Endocrine journal · 2025Article
- Neonatal Thyrotoxicosis in Infants of Mothers with Graves' Disease Treated for Radioiodine-Induced Hypothyroidism: A Literature Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Management of fetal hyperthyroidism caused by persistent autoimmune antibodies in a case of previously treated maternal Graves' disease.Obstetric medicine · 2024Article
- Third-Generation Thyrotropin Receptor Antibody (TRAb) assay for predicting neonatal thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women with Graves' disease.Endocrine · 2024Article
- Evaluation of the ultrasound findings of thyroid gland enlargement in Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Ghana: A retrospective cross-sectional study.Health science reports · 2024Article
- Neonatal Graves disease with persistent hypoglycemia: A case report.SAGE open medical case reports · 2024Article
- Diagnostic accuracy of Immulite® TSI immunoassay for thyroid-associated orbitopathy in patients with recently diagnosed Graves' hyperthyroidism.International ophthalmology · 2022Article
- Thyroid Autoimmunity in Female Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology Outcome.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Antibodies against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor cause maternal-neonatal transmission of Graves' Disease.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2021Article
- Thyroid Autoimmunity in Adverse Fertility and Pregnancy Outcomes: Timing of Assisted Reproductive Technology in AITD Women.Journal of translational internal medicine · 2021Review
- Non-Conventional Clinical Uses of TSH Receptor Antibodies: The Case of Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Review
- Variations in the Antithyroid Antibody Titre During Pregnancy and After Delivery.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2021Article
- The association of lactating mothers' urinary and breast milk iodine levels with iodine nutrition status and thyroid hormone levels of newborns.Turkish archives of pediatrics · 2021Article
- Unusual onset of thyroid associated orbitopathy during pregnancy: case report and review of literature.BMC endocrine disorders · 2020Review
- Autoimmune switch from hyperthyroidism to hypothyroidism in Graves' disease.BMJ case reports · 2020Article
- The Clinical Value and Variation of Antithyroid Antibodies during Pregnancy.Disease markers · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Graves' disease is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis in women of childbearing age. Approximately 1% of pregnant women been treated before, or are being treated during pregnancy for Graves' hyperthyroidism. In pregnancy, as in not pregnant state, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (TSHR) antibodies (TRAbs) are the pathogenetic hallmark of Graves' disease. TRAbs are heterogeneous for molecular and functional properties and are subdivided into activating (TSAbs), blocking (TBAbs), or neutral (N-TRAbs) depending on their effect on TSHR. The typical clinical features of Graves' disease (goiter, hyperthyroidism, ophthalmopathy, dermopathy) occur when TSAbs predominate. Graves' disease shows some peculiarities in pregnancy. The TRAbs disturb the maternal as well as the fetal thyroid function given their ability to cross the placental barrier. The pregnancy-related immunosuppression reduces the levels of TRAbs in most cases although they persist in women with active disease as well as in women who received definitive therapy (radioiodine or surgery) before pregnancy. Changes of functional properties from stimulating to blocking the TSHR could occur during gestation. Drug therapy is the treatment of choice for hyperthyroidism during gestation. Antithyroid drugs also cross the placenta and therefore decrease both the maternal and the fetal thyroid hormone production. The management of Graves' disease in pregnancy should be aimed at maintaining euthyroidism in the mother as well as in the fetus. Maternal and fetal thyroid dysfunction (hyperthyroidism as well as hypothyroidism) are in fact associated with several morbidities. Monitoring of the maternal thyroid function, TRAbs measurement, and fetal surveillance are the mainstay for the management of Graves' disease in pregnancy. This review summarizes the biochemical, immunological, and therapeutic aspects of Graves' disease in pregnancy focusing on the role of the TRAbs in maternal and fetal function.
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