ArticleBiochemical and biophysical research communications2017
Comparing the androgenic and estrogenic properties of progestins used in contraception and hormone therapy.
Article in Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of oral contraceptive use on cardiorespiratory and immune function in premenopausal women involved in exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Pooled it
- Comparative effectiveness and safety of different progestins in combined oral contraceptives: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2025Pooled it
- Injectable contraceptives differentially affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and amenorrhea incidence†.Biology of reproduction · 2026Trial
- Effect of oral contraceptive consumption timing on substrate metabolism, cognition, and exercise performance in females: a randomised controlled trial.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Trial
- Acquisition of Sexually Transmitted Infections among Women Using a Variety of Contraceptive Options: A prospective Study among High-risk African Women.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2019Trial
- The exposomal imprint on rosacea: More than skin deep.Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV · 2026Review
- Consistency of endothelial function across two consecutive oral contraceptive pill cycles.Experimental physiology · 2025Article
- Women's Pain Management Across the Lifespan-A Narrative Review of Hormonal, Physiological, and Psychosocial Perspectives.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Effect of eccentric-based resistance exercise on bone (re)modelling markers across the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive cycle.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Observational
- Hormone Signaling in Breast Development and Cancer.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- High-Throughput Transcriptomics Screen of ToxCast Chemicals in U-2 OS Cells.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2024Article
- Influence of Menstrual Cycle and Oral Contraceptive Phases on Bone (re)modelling Markers in Response to Interval Running.Calcified tissue international · 2024Article
- Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia and Reproductive Health: Assessing the Role of Sex Hormones in Disease Development.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- Advances and challenges in studying the tissue-resident T cell compartment in the human female reproductive tract.Immunological reviews · 2023Review
- Evaluations of memory, anxiety, and the growth factor IGF-1R after post-surgical menopause treatment with a highly selective progestin.Behavioural brain research · 2023Article
- Oral Contraceptive Pills and Hypertension: A Review of Current Evidence and Recommendations.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2023Review
- Incidence and Factors Associated With Acne in Transgender Adolescents on Testosterone: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists · 2023Article
- Kaempferol, a Phytoprogestin, Induces a Subset of Progesterone-Regulated Genes in the Uterus.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Hormone-based models for comparing menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptive effects on human resting-state functional connectivity.Frontiers in neuroendocrinology · 2022Article
- Differential off-target glucocorticoid activity of progestins used in endocrine therapy.Steroids · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Progestins used in endocrine therapies bind to multiple steroid receptors and are associated with several side-effects. It is thus important to understand the relationship between steroid receptor cross-reactivity and the side-effect profile of progestins. In cell lines that express negligible levels of steroid receptors, we report for the first time the binding affinities, potencies and efficacies of selected progestins from different generations determined in parallel. We show that the progestins bind to the androgen receptor (AR) with similar affinities to each other and progesterone, while none bind estrogen receptor (ER)-β, and only norethisterone acetate, levonorgestrel and gestodene bind ERα. Comparative dose-response analysis revealed that progestins from the first three generations display similar androgenic activity to the natural androgen dihydrotestosterone for transactivation, while norethisterone acetate, levonorgestrel and gestodene are ERα agonists. We show for the first time that the anti-androgenic properties of progesterone and drospirenone are similar to the well-known AR antagonist hydroxyflutamide, while nomegestrol acetate is more potent and nestorone less potent than both hydroxyflutamide and progesterone. Moreover, we are the first to report that the older progestins, unlike progesterone and the fourth generation progestins, are efficacious ERα agonists for transrepression, while the selected progestins from the second and third generation are efficacious AR agonists for transrepression. Considering the progestin potencies and their reported free serum concentrations relative to dihydrotestosterone and estradiol, our results suggest that the progestins are likely to exert AR-, but not ERα- or ERβ-mediated effects in vivo.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.