ArticleEuropean journal of epidemiology2017
A possible dual effect of cigarette smoking on the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.
Article in European journal of epidemiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-analysis of smoking and breast cancer risk: by age of smoking initiation.Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Pooled it
- The relationship between tobacco and breast cancer incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Influence of lifestyle factors on breast cancer incidence from mid-life to older age: an Australian longitudinal cohort study.BMJ open · 2026Article
- The effect of smoking on breast cancer screening results in female population: a study in Wu wei, China.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Article
- Bone mineral density fall during aromatase inhibitor treatment may predict lower breast cancer recurrence.Cancer medicine · 2024Article
- The association of a combined healthy lifestyle with the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer subtypes in the Netherlands Cohort Study.European journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Smoking history and breast cancer risk by pathological subtype: MCC-Spain study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Article
- Global trends in incidence, death, burden and risk factors of early-onset cancer from 1990 to 2019.BMJ oncology · 2023Article
- Is early-onset cancer an emerging global epidemic? Current evidence and future implications.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2022Review
- Health effects associated with smoking: a Burden of Proof study.Nature medicine · 2022Article
- Cigarette Smoking and Estrogen-Related Cancer.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2021Review
- Smoking and breast cancer risk by race/ethnicity and oestrogen and progesterone receptor status: the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) study.International journal of epidemiology · 2019Article
- Tobacco smoking and breast cancer: a life course approach.European journal of epidemiology · 2017Article
- Comment on: Kuwait National Mammography Screening Program: outcomes of 5 years of screening in Kuwaiti women.Annals of Saudi medicineArticle
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1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Smoking seems modestly associated with breast cancer, but the potential dual effect of smoking (with opposing properties: carcinogenic vs anti-estrogenic) is understudied. The relationship between smoking before and after menopause and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer was investigated in the Netherlands Cohort Study (NLCS). In the NLCS, 62,573 women aged 55-69 years provided information on smoking, dietary and other lifestyle habits in 1986. Follow-up for cancer incidence until 2007 (20.3 years) consisted of record linkages with the Netherlands Cancer Registry and the Dutch Pathology Registry PALGA. Multivariate case-cohort analyses were based on 2526 incident breast cancer cases and 1816 subcohort members with complete data on smoking. When smoking during pre- and postmenopausal periods was mutually adjusted for, breast cancer risk was significantly positively associated with premenopausal smoking pack-years, but inversely associated with postmenopausal smoking pack-years, both in a dose-dependent manner. In continuous analyses, the hazard ratios (95% CI) were 1.35 (1.10-1.65), and 0.47 (0.28-0.80) per increment of 20 premenopausal, and postmenopausal pack-years, respectively. The interaction between pre- and postmenopausal pack-years in relation to breast cancer risk was significant (P < 0.001). This study highlights the importance of distinguishing and adjusting for smoking in different life periods, and suggests dual effects of smoking on postmenopausal breast cancer risk.
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