ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2017
Programmed Cell Death 1 (PD-1) and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen 4 (CTLA-4) in Viral Hepatitis.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Current State of the Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance: What Are the Different Strategies for Tomorrow?Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Prediction of PD-1 Expression and Outcomes of Combined Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: an MRI-Based Radiomics Approach.Journal of imaging informatics in medicine · 2026Article
- PD-1/PD-L1 blockade as part of combination strategies toward functional cure of chronic hepatitis B.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Anti-PD-1 therapy achieves favorable outcome in gastric cancer combined with chronic hepatitis B.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Incomplete elimination of viral genomes is associated with chronic inflammation in nonhuman primate livers after AAV-mediated gene transfer.Gene therapy · 2025Article
- Association of hepatitis B virus DNA levels with efficacy and safety and the impact of antiviral therapy on prognosis in liver cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Tumor associated macrophages in gastric cancer dual roles in immune evasion and clinical implications for targeted therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- T-Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Domain 3 (TIM-3) Gene Expression as a Negative Biomarker of B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Immunization of recombinant NS3 protein (protease region) of dengue virus induces high levels of CTLA-4 and apoptosis in splenocytes of BALB/c mice.Virus genes · 2024Article
- The HCV-Melanoma Paradox: First Multi-Cohort and Molecular Net-Work Analysis Reveals Lower Incidence but Worse Outcomes-Integrating Clinical, Real-World, and In Silico Data.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Nanoparticle-Based Immunotherapy for Reversing T-Cell Exhaustion.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells and Multiple Sclerosis.Current neuropharmacology · 2024Review
- Tumor-associated macrophages and CD8+ T cells: dual players in the pathogenesis of HBV-related HCC.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Development and Validation of a Clinical Risk Score to Predict Immune-mediated Liver Injury Caused by Sintilimab: Assessed for Causality Using Updated RUCAM.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2023Article
- Polymorphisms Related to Iron Homeostasis Associate with Liver Disease in Chronic Hepatitis C.Viruses · 2023Article
- Core fucosylation and its roles in gastrointestinal glycoimmunology.World journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2023Review
- Counteracting Immunosenescence-Which Therapeutic Strategies Are Promising?Biomolecules · 2023Review
- Focus on T cell exhaustion: new advances in traditional Chinese medicine in infection and cancer.Chinese medicine · 2023Review
- Comparative efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors plus lenvatinib and regorafenib after lenvatinib failure for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a real-world study.Hepatology international · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Virus-specific cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8+) cytotoxic T cells (CTL) recognize viral antigens presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chains on infected hepatocytes, with help from CD4+ T cells. However, this CTL response is frequently weak or undetectable in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) are receptors in the CD28 family of costimulatory molecules, providing inhibitory signals to T cells. The overexpressions of PD-1 and CTLA-4 in patients with viral infection have been shown to associate with functional impairment of virus-specific T cells. In acute viral hepatitis, PD-1 and CTLA-4 are up-regulated during the symptomatic phase, and then down-regulated after recovery. These findings suggest that PD-1 and CTLA-4 have protective effects as inhibitory molecules to suppress cytotoxic T cells which induce harmful destruction of viral infected hepatocytes in self-limited viral hepatitis. In chronic viral hepatitis, the extended upregulations of PD-1 and CTLA-4 are associated with T cell exhaustion and persistent viral infection, suggesting positive correlations between expression of immune inhibitory factors and the chronicity of viral disease. In this review, we summarize recent literature relating to PD-1, CTLA-4, and other inhibitory receptors in antigen-specific T cell exhaustion in viral hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, and others.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.