ArticlePsychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors2017
The Protective Behavioral Strategies for Marijuana Scale: Further examination using item response theory.
Article in Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04978129 (Examining Motivations for and Quality of Alcohol and Marijuana Protective Behavior Strategy Use), which is not on this map. Cited by 47 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Examining Motivations for and Quality of Alcohol and Marijuana Protective Behavior Strategy Use: Improving Prevention of Hazardous Young Adult Substance Use
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Correlates of Engagement and Associations With Outcomes in a Cannabis Harm-Reduction Mobile App for Youth With First-Episode Psychosis: Exploratory Analysis of the CHAMPS Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR formative research · 2026Trial
- Acceptability, Feasibility, and Outcome Responsiveness of the Joint Effort Mobile App for Promoting Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Among Young Adults: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2026Trial
- Avatar Intervention in Virtual Reality for Cannabis Use Disorder in Individuals With Severe Mental Disorders: Results From a 1-Year, Single-Arm Clinical Trial.JMIR mental health · 2024Trial
- A preliminary test of a brief intervention to lessen young adults' cannabis use: Episode-level smartphone data highlights the role of protective behavioral strategies and exercise.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2020Trial
- Identifying themes of protective behavioral strategies for marijuana use with structural topic modeling.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2026Article
- A self-determination theory perspective of motivations for cannabis-related harm reduction behaviours: evaluation of an expanded and adapted Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire.Psychology & health · 2026Article
- The measurement of harm reduction goals and outcomes for substance use: Current state and future directions.Journal of prevention and health promotion · 2026Article
- Characteristics of adverse reactions to kratom and implementation of harm reduction strategies in a sample of ethnobotanical tea bar patrons in Colorado.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Use of Cannabis Protective Behavioral Strategies During Pregnancy.Cannabis (Albuquerque, N.M.) · 2026Article
- Designing an Online and Text-Messaging Intervention to Enhance Protective Behavioral Strategy Utilization at the Daily Level Among Young Adults Engaged in Alcohol and Cannabis Use.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2026Article
- Controlled Use of Cannabis Among Young Adults in Los Angeles Across Changes in Cannabis Policies.International journal of mental health and addiction · 2025Article
- Primary Care Patient and Clinician Perspectives on Safer Use Strategies for Opioids and/or Stimulants: A Mixed-Method Study.Journal of general internal medicine · 2025Article
- Opioid Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale (OPBSS): Development and psychometric evaluation.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Beyond Frequency and Quantity of Cannabis Consumption Among College Students: Context of Using Cannabis Relates to Cannabis-Related Outcomes.Cannabis (Albuquerque, N.M.) · 2025Article
- The relations of difficulties in emotion regulation and distress intolerance with cannabis problems: The role of protective behavioral strategies underutilization.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2024Article
- Effects of medical cannabis use on physical and psychiatric symptoms across the day among older adults.Psychiatry research · 2024Article
- Meaningfully Characterizing Cannabis Use for Research and Clinical Settings: A Comprehensive Review of Existing Measures and Proposed Future Directions.Psychiatry and clinical psychopharmacology · 2024Review
- Development of the Protective Strategies for Psychedelics Scale: A novel inventory to assess safety strategies in the context of psychedelics.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Direct and Indirect Effects of Cannabis Risk Perceptions on Cannabis Use Frequency.Addiction research & theory · 2024Article
- Evaluation of a Cannabis Harm Reduction Intervention for People With First-Episode Psychosis: Protocol for a Pilot Multicentric Randomized Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Given recent state legislation legalizing marijuana for recreational purposes and majority popular opinion favoring these laws, we developed the Protective Behavioral Strategies for Marijuana scale (PBSM) to identify strategies that may mitigate the harms related to marijuana use among those young people who choose to use the drug. In the current study, we expand on the initial exploratory study of the PBSM to further validate the measure with a large and geographically diverse sample (N = 2,117; 60% women, 30% non-White) of college students from 11 different universities across the United States. We sought to develop a psychometrically sound item bank for the PBSM and to create a short assessment form that minimizes respondent burden and time. Quantitative item analyses, including exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with item response theory (IRT) and evaluation of differential item functioning (DIF), revealed an item bank of 36 items that was examined for unidimensionality and good content coverage, as well as a short form of 17 items that is free of bias in terms of gender (men vs. women), race (White vs. non-White), ethnicity (Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic), and recreational marijuana use legal status (state recreational marijuana was legal for 25.5% of participants). We also provide a scoring table for easy transformation from sum scores to IRT scale scores. The PBSM item bank and short form associated strongly and negatively with past month marijuana use and consequences. The measure may be useful to researchers and clinicians conducting intervention and prevention programs with young adults. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.