ArticleEnvironmental health : a global access science source2017
The effect of ambient temperature on type-2-diabetes: case-crossover analysis of 4+ million GP consultations across England.
Article in Environmental health : a global access science source, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of cold waves on diabetes-related morbidity and mortality: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Impact of short-term exposure to extreme temperatures on diabetes mellitus morbidity and mortality? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Pooled it
- Climate Change-Mediated Temperature Extremes: Effects on the Immune System and Associations with Immune-Related Diseases.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Recognizing and Mitigating the Effects of Medication on Heat-Related Illness in Older Adults: A Scoping Review.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Economic burden, health burden and predictive analysis of diabetes attributed to non-optimal temperature in global from 1990 to 2030.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- Health impacts of extreme heat in medically at-risk populations: a space-time stratified case-crossover analysis in Belgium.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Social determinants of heat-related mortality in England: a time-stratified case-crossover study using primary care records.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Effect of climate change, extreme temperatures (heat and cold) on diabetes mellitus risk, hospitalization, and mortality: Global Evidenced Based Study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Blunted cardiovascular responses in individuals with type 2 diabetes and hypertension during cold and heat exposure.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
- Burden of non-communicable diseases attributable to high temperature in a changing climate from 1990 to 2019: a global analysis.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Incidence trend of type 2 diabetes from 2012 to 2021 in Germany: an analysis of health claims data of 11 million statutorily insured people.Diabetologia · 2024Article
- Optimal decision-making in relieving global high temperature-related disease burden by data-driven simulation.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2024Article
- Identification of individual-level clinical factors associated with increased risk of death during heatwaves: a time-stratified case-crossover study using national primary care records in England.BMJ public health · 2024Article
- Ambient heat and diabetes hospitalizations: Does the timing of heat exposure matter?The Science of the total environment · 2024Article
- Indoor overheating: A review of vulnerabilities, causes, and strategies to prevent adverse human health outcomes during extreme heat events.Temperature (Austin, Tex.) · 2024Review
- The influence of occupational heat stress on serum inflammatory cytokines among traditional bakery workers in Iran.PloS one · 2024Article
- Diabetes and climate change: current evidence and implications for people with diabetes, clinicians and policy stakeholders.Diabetologia · 2023Review
- The Utilization of the WMO-1234 Guidance to Improve Citizen's Wellness and Health: An Italian Perspective.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The Effect of Global Warming on Complex Disorders (Mental Disorders, Primary Hypertension, and Type 2 Diabetes).International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- The Effects of Heatwaves on Human Morbidity in Primary Care Settings: A Case-Crossover Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGiven the double jeopardy of global increases in rates of obesity and climate change, it is increasingly important to recognise the dangers posed to diabetic patients during periods of extreme weather. We aimed to characterise the associations between ambient temperature and general medical practitioner consultations made by a cohort of type-2 diabetic patients. Evidence on the effects of temperature variation in the primary care setting is currently limited.
methodsCase-crossover analysis of 4,474,943 consultations in England during 2012-2014, linked to localised temperature at place of residence for each patient. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess associations between each temperature-related consultation and control days matched on day-of-week.
resultsThere was an increased odds of seeking medical consultation associated with high temperatures: Odds ratio (OR) = 1.097 (95% confidence interval = 1.041, 1.156) per 1 °C increase above 22 °C. Odds during low temperatures below 0 °C were also significantly raised: OR = 1.024 (1.019, 1.030). Heat-related consultations were particularly high among diabetics with cardiovascular comorbidities: OR = 1.171 (1.031, 1.331), but there was no heightened risk with renal failure or neuropathy comorbidities. Surprisingly, lower odds of heat-related consultation were associated with the use of diuretics, anticholinergics, antipsychotics or antidepressants compared to non-use, especially among those with cardiovascular comorbidities, although differences were not statistically significant.
conclusionsType-2 diabetic patients are at increased odds of medical consultation during days of temperature extremes, especially during hot weather. The common assumption that certain medication use heightens the risk of heat illness was not borne-out by our study on diabetics in a primary care setting and such advice may need to be reconsidered in heat protection plans.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.