ArticlePloS one2017
Astrocyte heterogeneity across the brain and spinal cord occurs developmentally, in adulthood and in response to demyelination.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- GFAP and S100B: What You Always Wanted to Know and Never Dared to Ask.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Glial heterogeneity in the primate spinal cord: Implications of age and sex differences for neurodegenerative and neurotraumatic diseases.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Targeting the Biology of Aging in Cerebrovascular Disease: Inflammation, Metabolism, Senescence, and Regeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Neurodegeneration Biomarkers in Epilepsy: A Critical Review of Current Findings.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Agathisflavone Modulates the Kynurenine Pathway and Glial Inflammatory Responses with Implications for Neuroprotection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Investigating the Effects of Epac2 Activation in an In Vitro Cortical Mechanical Injury Model for Central Nervous System Repair.The European journal of neuroscience · 2025Article
- Role of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of perinatal brain injury.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Review
- Microglia in the spinal cord stem cell niche regulate neural precursor cell proliferation via soluble CD40 in response to myelin basic protein.Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) · 2025Article
- Comparisons of neurodegenerative disease biomarkers across different biological fluids from patients with Huntington's disease.Journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Mouse spinal cord cellular mapping of dopamine D2 receptors-containing cells.Frontiers in neuroanatomy · 2025Article
- Investigating the use of cuprizone and lysolecithin to model demyelinationFrontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Article
- Pathophysiological pathways of post-traumatic stress disorder in relation to traumatic brain injury: An observational cross-sectional study.SAGE open medicine · 2025Article
- Brain-body mechanisms contribute to sexual dimorphism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2024Review
- Scaled Complexity of Mammalian Astrocytes: Insights From Mouse and Macaque.The Journal of comparative neurology · 2024Article
- Change in Enlarged Perivascular Spaces over Time and Associations with Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury.Neurotrauma reports · 2024Article
- Modeling demyelination and endogenous remyelination in spinal cordFrontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Article
- Unraveling the lymphatic system in the spinal cord meninges: a critical element in protecting the central nervous system.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2023Review
- In vivo evidence of microstructural hypo-connectivity of brain white matter in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Article
- Blood-spinal cord barrier disruption in degenerative cervical myelopathy.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2023Review
- Expression of Cytoskeletal Proteins (GFAP, Vimentin), Proapoptotic Protein (Caspase-3) and Protective Protein (S100) in the Epileptic Focus in Adults and Children with Drug-Resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Associated with Focal Cortical Dysplasia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Astrocytes have emerged as essential regulators of function and response to injury in the brain and spinal cord, yet very little is known about regional differences that exist. Here we compare the expression of key astroglial markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-1 Family Member L1 (ALDH1L1)) across these disparate poles of the neuraxis, tracking their expression developmentally and in the context of demyelination. In addition, we document changes in the astrocyte regulatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6), and its signaling partner signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), in vivo and in vitro. Results demonstrate that GFAP expression is higher in the developing and adult spinal cord relative to brain. Comparisons between GFAP and ALDH1L1 expression suggest elevations in spinal cord GFAP during the early postnatal period reflect an accelerated appearance of astrocytes, while elevations in adulthood reflect higher expression by individual astrocytes. Notably, increases in spinal cord compared to whole brain GFAP were paralleled by higher levels of IL-6 and STAT3. Equivalent elevations in GFAP, GFAP/ALDH1L1 ratios, and in IL-6, were observed in primary astrocyte cultures derived from spinal cord compared to cortex. Also, higher levels of GFAP were observed in the spinal cord compared to the brain after focal demyelinating injury. Altogether, these studies point to key differences in astrocyte abundance and the expression of GFAP and IL-6 across the brain and spinal cord that are positioned to influence regional specialization developmentally and responses occurring in the context of injury and disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.