ArticleAIDS and behavior2018
Polydrug Use and Heterogeneity in HIV Risk Among People Who Inject Drugs in Estonia and Russia: A Latent Class Analysis.
Article in AIDS and behavior, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Daily polysubstance use associated with HIV, HCV, and non-fatal overdose among people who inject drugs: A latent class analysis using nationwide data.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Associations of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody positivity with opioid, stimulant, and polysubstance injection among people who inject drugs (PWID) in rural U.S. communities.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Dual HIV risk and vulnerabilities among people who inject drugs in Iran: Findings from a nationwide study in 2020.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- Can platform use patterns be an indicator of HIV-related risk and sub-group heterogeneity among men who have sex with men in Singapore: a latent class analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Stigma and other correlates of sharing injection equipment among people with HIV in St. Petersburg, Russia.Global public health · 2024Article
- Trends and associated factors of HIV, HCV and syphilis infection among different drug users in the China-Vietnam border area: an 11-year cross-sectional study (2010-2020).BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Behavioral Risk Factors for HIV Infection in Hospitalized Persons Who Co-use Stimulants and Opioids.AIDS and behavior · 2022Article
- Violence, HIV Risks, and Polysubstance Use Among HIV-Positive People Who Inject Drugs in Ukraine.AIDS and behavior · 2021Article
- Combination HIV Prevention Strategies Among Montreal Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in the PrEP Era: A Latent Class Analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2021Article
- Sex differences in the multilevel determinants of injection risk behaviours among people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico.Drug and alcohol review · 2020Observational
- Changes in substance use in relation to opioid agonist therapy among people who use drugs in a Canadian setting.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Article
- Examining risk behavior and syringe coverage among people who inject drugs accessing a syringe services program: A latent class analysis.The International journal on drug policy · 2020Article
- HIV, Drug Injection, and Harm Reduction Trends in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: Implications for International and Domestic Policy.Current psychiatry reports · 2019Review
- Opioid Misuse Among HIV-Positive Adults in Medical Care: Results From the Medical Monitoring Project, 2009-2014.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2019Article
- Epidemics of HIV, HCV and syphilis infection among synthetic drugs only users, heroin-only users and poly-drug users in Southwest China.Scientific reports · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Non-medical drug injection is a major risk factor for HIV infection in Russia and Estonia. Multiple drug use (polydrug) has further been associated with increased harms. We compared HIV, injecting and sexual risk associated with polydrug use among people who injected drugs (PWID) in 2012-2013 in Kohtla-Järve (Estonia, n = 591) and St Petersburg (Russia, n = 811). Using latent class analysis, we identified five (poly)drug classes, the largest consisting of single-drug injectors among whom an opioid was the sole drug injected (56% of PWID). The four remaining polydrug classes included polydrug-polyroute injectors who injected and used opiates and stimulants (9%), opiate-stimulant poly-injectors who injected amphetamine-type-stimulants with a primary opiate (7%) and opiate-opioid poly-injectors who injected opioids and opiates (16%). Non-injection stimulant co-users were injectors who also used non-injection stimulants (12%). In multivariable multinomial regressions, all four polydrug classes were associated with greater injection risks than single-drug injection, while opiate-stimulant and opiate-opioid poly-injection were also associated with having multiple sex partners. Riskier behaviours among polydrug-injectors suggest increased potential for transmission of blood-borne and sexually-transmitted infections. In addition to needles/syringes provision, services tailored to PWID drug and risk profiles, could consider drug-appropriate treatment and sexual risk reduction strategies to curb HIV transmission.
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