Observational studyBMC infectious diseases2017
Prevalence of Giardia infection in households of Giardia cases and risk factors for household transmission.
Observational study in BMC infectious diseases, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intestinal parasitic infection among household contacts of primary cases, a comparative cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2019Trial
- The triple threat of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Entamoeba infections in Nigerian children.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Antiparasitic Activity ofVeterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Prevalence of enteric pathogens in mothers and children from communities in the La Paz River Basin Bolivia; associations with water, sanitation, and hygiene conditions.Journal of water and health · 2026Article
- Review
- Assessment of the burden of Giardia infection and its associated risk factors among children resident in internally displaced persons camps in Mogadishu, Somalia: a cross-sectional study.International health · 2025Article
- Giardia-induced Type 2 mucosal immunity attenuates intestinal inflammation caused by co-infection or colitis in mice.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Analysis of Reported Cases ofMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Giardiasis Presenting as a Brunner Gland Hyperplasia.ACG case reports journal · 2024Article
- Rapid visual detection of Giardia duodenalis in faecal samples using an RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a system.Parasitology research · 2024Article
- Structural Insights into theInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Review
- Diagnosis of protozoa diarrhoea in Campylobacter patients increases markedly with molecular techniques.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- A cell-cycle-dependent GARP-like transcriptional repressor regulates the initiation of differentiation inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Risk for Asymptomatic Household Transmission of Clostridioides difficile Infection Associated with Recently Hospitalized Family Members.Emerging infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Cross-sectional household transmission study of Cryptosporidium shows that C. hominis infections are a key risk factor for spread.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- A scoping review of risk factors and transmission routes associated with human giardiasis outbreaks in high-income settings.Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2022Article
- Effects of Tinidazole on Food Intake in Chinchillas (Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2021Article
- Evolving Epidemiology of Reported Giardiasis Cases in the United States, 1995-2016.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Assessment of next generation amplicon sequencing of the beta-giardin gene for the detection ofFood and waterborne parasitology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGiardia is a leading but neglected cause of infectious gastroenteritis worldwide and is treatable. There is a substantial burden of undetected Giardia in the UK and for every one case of Giardia reported to national surveillance there are 14 cases in the community. We aimed to ascertain the prevalence of, and risk factors associated with secondary household Giardia infections to assess the burden of infection and inform control measures.
methodsWe identified all giardiasis cases notified in nine local authorities in Lancashire between June 2014 and June 2015, and invited their household contacts to submit faecal specimens for Giardia testing and complete a risk factor questionnaire. We estimated the proportion of households with additional Giardia infection. We compared household risk factors between households with and without additional Giardia using Fisher's exact test. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify independent risk factors for additional Giardia infections.
resultsWe identified additional Giardia infections in 30% (27/91) of included households. A total of 41 infections were found from 212 household members, of which 37 were asymptomatic. The majority of infections were assemblage B (57%) but there were also a high number of mixed infections (20%). Risk factors significantly associated with additional household infections were; having children under 5 years in the household (odds ratio 42; 95% confidence intervals 10-178) and the presence of gastrointestinal illness in the household before the onset of the index case (odds ratio 9; 95% confidence intervals 1.5-48).
conclusionsOur finding of a high household prevalence of asymptomatic infection has raised the public health question of whether treatment of asymptomatic household contacts may be justified in preventing Giardia re-infection of the index case or in preventing secondary cases and household clusters. We recommend the communication of this risk in household contacts of Giardia and reinforcement of standard hygiene controls.
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