ReviewBrain sciences2017
Multiple Sclerosis: Immunopathology and Treatment Update.
Review in Brain sciences, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 129 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
129 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Identification of the most cost-saving disease-modifying therapies and factors affecting the budget in the pharmacotherapy of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Safety and efficacy of extended versus standard interval dosing of natalizumab in multiple sclerosis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2024Pooled it
- Disease-modifying therapies and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2021Pooled it
- Effects of thoracic manipulation with trigger point therapy on inflammatory cytokine levels in individuals with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2026Trial
- Polypharmacy in outpatients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A single-center study.PloS one · 2019Trial
- Neurodegenerative diseases and immune system: From pathogenic mechanism to therapy.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Associations Between Neuromuscular Fatigue, Anxiety, and Peripheral Biomarkers of Neuronal Injury, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Treatment-Naïve Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- LncRNA AFAP1-AS1 mediates therapy-dependent expression of CCL5, CXCL10 and MMP9 in multiple sclerosis.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Article
- Rethinking MS Therapeutics: From Disease Pathogenesis Mechanisms to AI-Driven Drug Discovery.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026Review
- Adaptive immune dysregulation drives new-onset refractory status epilepticus.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Farnesol, the farnesol pathway, and the immune-gut-brain axis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Real-world pharmacovigilance analysis of the association between multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies and intervertebral disc herniation.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Systematic review of unveiling the potential of AI using machine learning and deep learning methods in neurodegenerative diseases.PeerJ. Computer science · 2026Review
- Remote loading of an autoantigen in PLGA nanoparticles for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2025Article
- CANDID-CNS: AI Unlocks Stereochemistry and Beyond Rule of 5 to Predict CNS Penetration of Small Molecules.Journal of chemical information and modeling · 2025Article
- Microbiota-Derived SCFAs in Multiple Sclerosis: From Immune Priming to Neurodegeneration.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- MiR-124 and MiR-155 as Therapeutic Targets in Microglia-Mediated Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- AA147 Alleviates Symptoms in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis by Reducing Oligodendrocyte Loss.Glia · 2025Article
- Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis pathogenesis alters along animal age: impact of S100B expression.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2025Article
69 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) has changed over the last 20 years. All immunotherapeutic drugs target relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) and it still remains a medical challenge in MS to develop a treatment for progressive forms. The most common injectable disease-modifying therapies in RRMS include β-interferons 1a or 1b and glatiramer acetate. However, one of the major challenges of injectable disease-modifying therapies has been poor treatment adherence with approximately 50% of patients discontinuing the therapy within the first year. Herein, we go back to the basics to understand the immunopathophysiology of MS to gain insights in the development of new improved drug treatments. We present current disease-modifying therapies (interferons, glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, fingolimod, mitoxantrone), humanized monoclonal antibodies (natalizumab, ofatumumb, ocrelizumab, alentuzumab, daclizumab) and emerging immune modulating approaches (stem cells, DNA vaccines, nanoparticles, altered peptide ligands) for the treatment of MS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.