ArticlePloS one2017
Reconstructing the recent West Nile virus lineage 2 epidemic in Europe and Italy using discrete and continuous phylogeography.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Geographic variations of the bird-borne structural risk of West Nile virus circulation in Europe.PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- A distinct E dimer epitope underlies selective recognition by a protective human West Nile virus antibody.EMBO reports · 2026Article
- Genomic epidemiology and phylogeographic reconstruction of West Nile virus 2 in Italy from 2011 to 2023.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Hungary as a source of West Nile virus diversity and spread in Europe: insights from the 2024 transmission season.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- Diagnosis and Surveillance of West Nile Virus Infection in Horses: Current Methods, Challenges, and Future Directions.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Meteorological and environmental drivers of West Nile virus prevalence in Culex pipiens mosquitoes in Emilia-Romagna, Italy in 2013 to 2022.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Genomic surveillance indicates high site-specific heterogeneity of West Nile virus in mosquitoes in rural regions of Germany across seasons.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Spanish West Nile virus isolates of lineages 1 and 2 elicit different patterns of infection in red-legged partridges.The Journal of general virology · 2025Article
- Retrospective Analysis and Cross-Validated Forecasting of West Nile Virus Transmission in Italy: Insights from Climate and Surveillance Data.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Continuous and Dynamic Circulation of West Nile Virus in Mosquito Populations in Bucharest Area, Romania, 2017-2023.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- West Nile Virus Seroprevalence in Wild Birds and Equines in Madrid Province, Spain.Veterinary sciences · 2024Article
- West Nile virus spread in Europe: Phylogeographic pattern analysis and key drivers.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Spatial and temporal dynamics of West Nile virus between Africa and Europe.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Reconstruction of the molecular evolution of Usutu virus in Germany: Insights into virus emersion and circulation.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Emerging and Novel Viruses in Passerine Birds.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Article
- Comparison of West Nile Virus Disease in Humans and Horses: Exploiting Similarities for Enhancing Syndromic Surveillance.Viruses · 2023Review
- An advanced sequence clustering and designation workflow reveals the enzootic maintenance of a dominant West Nile virus subclade in Germany.Virus evolution · 2023Article
- Article
- European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in Europe.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
West Nile virus lineage 2 (WNV-2) was mainly confined to sub-Saharan Africa until the early 2000s, when it was identified for the first time in Central Europe causing outbreaks of human and animal infection. The aim of this study was to reconstruct the origin and dispersion of WNV-2 in Central Europe and Italy on a phylodynamic and phylogeographical basis. To this aim, discrete and continuous space phylogeographical models were applied to a total of 33 newly characterised full-length viral genomes obtained from mosquitoes, birds and humans in Northern Italy in the years 2013-2015 aligned with 64 complete sequences isolated mainly in Europe. The European isolates segregated into two highly significant clades: a small one including three sequences and a large clade including the majority of isolates obtained in Central Europe since 2004. Discrete phylogeographical analysis showed that the most probable location of the root of the largest European clade was in Hungary a mean 12.78 years ago. The European clade bifurcated into two highly supported subclades: one including most of the Central/East European isolates and the other encompassing all of the isolates obtained in Greece. The continuous space phylogeographical analysis of the Italian clade showed that WNV-2 entered Italy in about 2008, probably by crossing the Adriatic sea and reaching a central area of the Po Valley. The epidemic then spread simultaneously eastward, to reach the region of the Po delta in 2013, and westward to the border area between Lombardy and Piedmont in 2014; later, the western strain changed direction southward, and reached the central area of the Po valley once again in 2015. Over a period of about seven years, the virus spread all over an area of northern Italy by following the Po river and its main tributaries.
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