ArticleDrug delivery and translational research2017
Preparation and evaluation of self-microemulsions for improved bioavailability of ginsenoside-Rh1 and Rh2.
Article in Drug delivery and translational research, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ginsenosides Rh2 and Rg3 in first-line combination therapy: Prospects for rapid clinical translation in drug-resistant triple-negative breast cancer.Journal of ginseng research · 2026Review
- Research status and challenges of anti-tumor effects of natural saponins and their combination therapy.Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute · 2026Review
- Bioactive Constituents of Ginseng in Cancer Therapy: Molecular Mechanisms, Translational Potential, and Advanced Delivery Strategies.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- Immunomodulatory Activities of Emerging Rare Ginsenosides F1, Rg5, Rk1, Rh1, and Rg2: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Applications.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Computer-driven formulation development of Ginsenoside Rh2 ternary solid dispersion.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Article
- Recent Progress in Nano-TCM Active Ingredient Co-Delivery Systems for Inflammation-Mediated Diseases.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Methods on improvements of the poor oral bioavailability of ginsenosides: Pre-processing, structural modification, drug combination, and micro- or nano- delivery system.Journal of ginseng research · 2023Review
- Preparation and pharmacological effects of minor ginsenoside nanoparticles: a review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
- Ginsenosides emerging as both bifunctional drugs and nanocarriers for enhanced antitumor therapies.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2021Review
- Preparation and quality evaluation of a volatile oil microemulsion from Flos magnoliae and Centipeda minima.Molecular medicine reports · 2020Article
- Increased antitumor efficacy of ginsenoside RhDrug delivery · 2020Article
- Preparation of Polyethylene Glycol-Ginsenoside Rh1 and Rh2 Conjugates and Their Efficacy against Lung Cancer and Inflammation.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Due to intestinal cytochrome P450 (CYP450)-mediated metabolism and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux, poor oral bioavailability hinders ginsenoside-Rh1 (Rh1) and ginsenoside-Rh2 (Rh2) from clinical application. In this study, Rh1 and Rh2 were incorporated into two self-microemulsions (SME-1 and SME-2) to improve oral bioavailability. SME-1 contained both CYP450 and P-gp inhibitory excipients while SME-2 only consisted of P-gp inhibitory excipients. Results for release, cellular uptake, transport, and lymph node distribution demonstrated no significant difference between either self-microemulsions in vivo, but were elevated significantly in comparison to the free drug. The pharmaceutical profiles in vivo showed that the bioavailability of Rh1 in SME-1 (33.25%) was significantly higher than that in either SME-2 (21.28%) or free drug (12.92%). There was no significant difference in bioavailability for Rh2 between SME-1 (48.69%) or SME-2 (41.73%), although they both had remarkable increase in comparison to free drug (15.02%). We confirmed that SME containing CYP450 and P-gp inhibitory excipient could distinctively improve the oral availabilities of Rh1 compared to free drug or SME containing P-gp inhibitory excipient. No notable increase was observed between either SME for Rh2, suggesting that Rh2 undergoes P-gp-mediated efflux, but may not undergo distinct CYP450-mediated metabolism.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.