ArticlePsychophysiology2017
Assessment of skin conductance in African American and Non-African American participants in studies of conditioned fear.
Article in Psychophysiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00674570 (Effects of Hydrocortisone and D-Cycloserine on Fear Extinction in Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder), which is not on this map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of Hydrocortisone and D-Cycloserine on Fear Extinction in Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Navigating the garden of forking paths for data exclusions in fear conditioning research.eLife · 2019Pooled it
- Who is studied in de novo fear conditioning paradigms? An examination of demographic and stimulus characteristics predicting fear learning.International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology · 2018Trial
- Enhancing the Efficacy of Exposure Therapy: Translation of Pharmacological Augmentation of Fear Extinction.Annual review of clinical psychology · 2026Review
- Adverse Childhood Experiences Underlie Race-Related Differences in Neural Reactivity to Stress.Behavioural neurology · 2026Article
- The role of the first interpersonal trauma exposure's developmental period on fear regulation processes among adult women.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Article
- Leveraging biosensors in clinical and research settings: a guide to device selection.NPP - digital psychiatry and neuroscience · 2025Review
- Maladaptive personality and the efficiency of response-focused emotion regulation strategies: a study on suppression and acceptance.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Which emotion regulation strategy is efficient for whom? Reappraisal and suppression efficiency for adaptive and maladaptive personality profiles.Journal of personality · 2025Article
- PACAP associated with precise PTSD and fear extinction response in women.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2025Article
- Racial and ethnic socioenvironmental inequity and neuroimaging in psychiatry: a brief review of the past and recommendations for the future.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Review
- Whose Signals Are Being Amplified? Toward a More Equitable Clinical Psychophysiology.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2024Article
- Adaptive thresholding increases sensitivity to detect changes in the rate of skin conductance responses to psychologically arousing stimuli in both laboratory and ambulatory settings.International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology · 2024Article
- Going beyond the means: Exploring the role of bias from digital determinants of health in technologies.PLOS digital health · 2023Review
- Using pre-treatment de novo threat conditioning outcomes to predict treatment response to DCS augmentation of exposure-based CBT.Journal of psychiatric research · 2023Article
- Multiverse analyses of fear acquisition and extinction retention in posttraumatic stress disorder.Psychophysiology · 2023Review
- Structural inequities contribute to racial/ethnic differences in neurophysiological tone, but not threat reactivity, after trauma exposure.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Article
- The use of electrodermal activity in pulpal diagnosis and dental pain assessment.International endodontic journal · 2023Article
- Rethinking the risk for depression using the RDoC: A psychophysiological perspective.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Review
- Skin conductance levels and responses in Asian and White participants during fear conditioningPhysiology & behavior · 2022Article
- Addressing racial and phenotypic bias in human neuroscience methods.Nature neuroscience · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Skin conductance (SC) is a psychophysiological measure of sympathetic nervous system activity that is commonly used in research to assess conditioned fear responses. A portion of individuals evidence very low or unmeasurable SC levels (SCL) and/or response (SCR) during fear conditioning, which precludes the use of their SC data. The reason that some individuals do not produce measurable SCL and/or SCR is not clear; some early research suggested that race may be an influencing factor. In the current article, archival data from five fear conditioning samples collected from four different laboratories were examined to explore SCL and SCR magnitude in African American (AA) and non-African American (non-AA) participants. Across studies, the aggregate group difference for exclusion due to unmeasurable SCL or no measurable SCR to an unconditioned stimulus reflected a significant medium effect size (d = 0.54). Furthermore, 24.3% (range: 0-48.3%) of AA participants met SC exclusion criteria versus 14.3% (range: 4.3-24.2%) of non-AA participants. AA participants also displayed significantly lower SCL during habituation (d = 0.58). The low SC levels and responses in AA individuals and the consequent exclusion of their contributions to fear conditioning study results impacts the generalizability of findings across races. Given higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and chronic anxiety in AA individuals, it is important that AA individuals not be excluded from fear conditioning research, which informs the treatment of anxiety and PTSD. Examination of the basis of very low SCL and/or SCR is a potentially informative direction for future research.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.