ReviewDevelopmental medicine and child neurology2018
Hypoxia-ischemia is not an antecedent of most preterm brain damage: the illusion of validity.
Review in Developmental medicine and child neurology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Retinopathy of prematurity: Moving beyond oxygen.Early human development · 2026Review
- Obesity, Inflammation, and Tumor Microenvironment in Three-Dimensional Models of Breast Cancer.Cells · 2026Review
- Is there a role for apolipoprotein E in perinatal brain injury?Molecular and cellular pediatrics · 2026Review
- Systemic hypotension and patterns of cerebral blood perfusion in newborns.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025Article
- Prenatal inflammation exacerbates hyperoxia-induced neonatal brain injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- The potential of alphapinene as a therapeutic agent for maternal hypoxia-induced cognitive impairments: a study on HO-1 and Nrf2 gene expression in rats.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Article
- Timed fetal inflammation and postnatal hypoxia cause cortical white matter injury, interneuron imbalances, and behavioral deficits in a double-hit rat model of encephalopathy of prematurity.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Review
- Mechanisms of Tertiary Neurodegeneration after Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage.Pediatric medicine (Hong Kong, China) · 2022Article
- Microglia and Stem-Cell Mediated Neuroprotection after Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2022Review
- Early Biomarkers of Hypoxia and Inflammation and Two-Year Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in the Preterm Erythropoietin Neuroprotection (PENUT) Trial.EBioMedicine · 2021Article
- How to safeguard the brain of extremely preterm infants?Pediatric research · 2021Article
- MIUH Inhibits the Hippocampal Neuron Growth in Fetal Rat by Affecting the PTEN Pathway.Neurochemical research · 2021Article
- The clinical usefulness of cerebral oximetry.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2021Article
- Cerebral Oximetry in Preterm Infants-To Use or Not to Use, That Is the Question.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Article
- Current Therapies for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischaemic and Infection-Sensitised Hypoxic-Ischaemic Brain Damage.Frontiers in synaptic neuroscience · 2021Review
- Fetal Neuroprotective Strategies: Therapeutic Agents and Their Underlying Synaptic Pathways.Frontiers in synaptic neuroscience · 2021Review
- N-acetylcysteine inhibits bacterial lipopeptide-mediated neutrophil transmigration through the choroid plexus in the developing brain.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2020Article
- Cortical Gray Matter Injury in Encephalopathy of Prematurity: Link to Neurodevelopmental Disorders.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Review
- Midkine: The Who, What, Where, and When of a Promising Neurotrophic Therapy for Perinatal Brain Injury.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Brain injury in preterm newborn infants is often attributed to hypoxia-ischemia even when neither hypoxia nor ischemia is documented, and many causative speculations are based on the same assumption. We review human and animal study contributions with their strengths and limitations, and conclude that - despite all the work done in human fetal neuropathology and developmental models in animals - the evidence remains unconvincing that hypoxemia, in the fetus or newborn infant, contributes appreciably to any encephalopathy of prematurity. Giving an inappropriate causal name to a disorder potentially limits the options for change, should our understanding of the etiologies advance. The only observationally-based title we think appropriate is 'encephalopathy of prematurity'. Future pathophysiological research should probably include appropriately designed epidemiology studies, highly active developmental processes, infection and other inflammatory stimuli, the immature immune system, long chain fatty acids and their transporters, and growth (neurotrophic) factors. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Fetal hypoxemia is rarely documented in brain injury studies. Animal studies fail to consider human-animal fetal anatomical differences. Putative treatments from animal models have not found clinical use. Observational studies constitute the only approach to etiological understanding. No convincing evidence yet that hypoxemia injures preterm brain. Encephalopathy of prematurity is preferable to hypoxia-ischemia as a term for this disorder. Encephalopathy of prematurity is preferable to hypoxia-ischemia as a term for this disorder.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.