ArticleCerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)2018
Neuromodulation of Axon Terminals.
Article in Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 116 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of computational models for the design of spinal cord stimulation therapies: from neural circuits to patient-specific simulations.The Journal of physiology · 2023Pooled it
- Transcranial direct current stimulation over motor cortex improves pain in end stage renal disease a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- The optimization of neuroprosthetic interfaces relying on biophysical and surrogate digital twins.npj biomedical innovations · 2026Review
- Differential synaptic depression mediates the therapeutic effect of deep brain stimulation.Nature neuroscience · 2025Article
- Brain stimulation preferentially influences long-range projections.Science advances · 2025Article
- EFMouse: A toolbox to model stimulation-induced electric fields in the mouse brain.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Computational Optimization of Spinal Cord Stimulation for Dorsal Horn Interneuron Polarization.Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society · 2025Article
- Biophysical properties of the membrane influence spike initiation dynamics and neuronal excitability: a focus on Kv1 channels in myelinated axons.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Review
- Recommendations for the Safe Application of Temporal Interference Stimulation in the Human Brain Part I: Principles of Electrical Neuromodulation and Adverse Effects.Bioelectromagnetics · 2025Review
- Functional Ultrasound Imaging Reveals Activation Properties of Clinical Spinal Cord Stimulation Therapy Programming.Journal of pain research · 2025Article
- Inkjet-printed transparent electrodes: Design, characterization, and initial in vivo evaluation for brain stimulation.PloS one · 2025Article
- Neural pathway activation in the subthalamic region depends on stimulation polarity.Brain communications · 2025Article
- Resolving inconsistent effects of tDCS on learning using a homeostatic structural plasticity model.Frontiers in network physiology · 2025Article
- Peripheral direct current reduces naturally evoked nociceptive activity at the spinal cord in rodent models of pain.Journal of neural engineering · 2024Article
- Electric field effects on neuronal input-output relationship by regulating NMDA spikes.Cognitive neurodynamics · 2024Article
- Less might be more: 1 mA but not 1.5 mA of tDCS improves tactile orientation discrimination.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2023Article
- Direct Current Stimulation Modulates Synaptic Facilitation via Distinct Presynaptic Calcium Channels.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Model-based analysis of subthreshold mechanisms of spinal cord stimulation for pain.Journal of neural engineering · 2023Article
- State-dependent modulation of low-threshold-current-regulated dendritic CaScientific reports · 2023Article
- An optimization framework for targeted spinal cord stimulation.Journal of neural engineering · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Understanding which cellular compartments are influenced during neuromodulation underpins any rational effort to explain and optimize outcomes. Axon terminals have long been speculated to be sensitive to polarization, but experimentally informed models for CNS stimulation are lacking. We conducted simultaneous intracellular recording from the neuron soma and axon terminal (blebs) during extracellular stimulation with weak sustained (DC) uniform electric fields in mouse cortical slices. Use of weak direct current stimulation (DCS) allowed isolation and quantification of changes in axon terminal biophysics, relevant to both suprathreshold (e.g., deep brain stimulation, spinal cord stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation) and subthreshold (e.g., transcranial DCS and transcranial alternating current stimulation) neuromodulation approaches. Axon terminals polarized with sensitivity (mV of membrane polarization per V/m electric field) 4 times than somas. Even weak polarization (<2 mV) of axon terminals significantly changes action potential dynamics (including amplitude, duration, conduction velocity) in response to an intracellular pulse. Regarding a cellular theory of neuromodulation, we explain how suprathreshold CNS stimulation activates the action potential at terminals while subthreshold approaches modulate synaptic efficacy through axon terminal polarization. We demonstrate that by virtue of axon polarization and resulting changes in action potential dynamics, neuromodulation can influence analog-digital information processing.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.