Trial reportProstaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids2017
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) balance in developmental outcomes.
Trial report in Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Different Proportions of DHA and ARA on Cognitive Development in Infants: A Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Supplementation of Infant Formula and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: a Systematic Review.Current nutrition reports · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Influence of Human Milk and Parenteral Lipid Emulsions on Serum Fatty Acid Profiles in Extremely Preterm Infants.JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2019Trial
- Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation vs Placebo on Developmental Outcomes of Toddlers Born Preterm: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA pediatrics · 2018Trial
- Human Milk as a Model for Next-Generation Infant Formula: Opportunities and Challenges.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Baseline Fatty Acids and Time-Averaged Executive Function in Ugandan Children With Perinatal HIV.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2026Article
- Comparative Analysis of Signature Lipid Structures in Canine and Feline Milk Compared with Bovine and Caprine Milk.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Comparative Analysis of Breastfeeding and Infant Formulas: Short- and Long-Term Impacts on Infant Nutrition and Health.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- Unraveling the Interplay Between Metabolism and Neurodevelopment in Health and Disease.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Review
- No Evidence of Interaction Between FADS2 Genotype and Breastfeeding on Cognitive or Other Traits in the UK Biobank.Behavior genetics · 2025Article
- Challenges and Opportunities in Quantifying Bioactive Compounds in Human Breastmilk.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Intravenous lipid emulsions designed to meet preterm infant requirements increase plasma and tissue levels of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in mice.Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2024Article
- Lipid Peroxidation via Regulating the Metabolism of Docosahexaenoic Acid and Arachidonic Acid in Autistic Behavioral Symptoms.Current issues in molecular biology · 2023Article
- Arachidonic acid metabolism in health and disease.MedComm · 2023Review
- Altered Metabolic Characteristics in Plasma of Young Boys with Autism Spectrum Disorder.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2022Article
- Choline and docosahexaenoic acid during the first 1000 days and children's health and development in low- and middle-income countries.Nutrition reviews · 2022Review
- Changes in Human Milk Fat Globule Composition Throughout Lactation: A Review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Review
- Joint analyses of human milk fatty acids, phospholipids, and choline in association with cognition and temperament traits during the first 6 months of life.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Perspective: Moving Toward Desirable Linoleic Acid Content in Infant Formula.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The DHA Intake and Measurement of Neural Development (DIAMOND) trial represents one of only a few studies of the long-term dose-response effects of LCPUFA-supplemented formula feeding during infancy. The trial contrasted the effects of four formulations: 0.00% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/0.00% arachidonic acid (ARA), 0.32% DHA/0.64% ARA, 0.64% DHA/0.64% ARA, and 0.96% DHA/0.64% ARA against a control condition (0.00% DHA/0.00% ARA). The results of this trial have been published elsewhere, and show improved cognitive outcomes for infants fed supplemented formulas, but a common finding among many of the outcomes show a reduction of benefit for the highest DHA dose (i.e., 0.96%DHA/0.64% ARA, that is, a DHA: ARA ratio 1.5:1.0). The current paper gathers and summarizes the evidence for the reduction of benefit at this dose, and in an attempt to account for this reduced benefit, presents for the first time data from infants' red blood cell (RBC) assays taken at 4 and 12 months of age. Those assays indicate that blood DHA levels generally rose with increased DHA supplementation, although those levels tended to plateau as the DHA-supplemented level exceeded 0.64%. Perhaps more importantly, ARA levels showed a strong inverted-U function in response to increased DHA supplementation; indeed, infants assigned to the formula with the highest dose of DHA (and highest DHA/ARA ratio) showed a reduction in blood ARA relative to more intermediate DHA doses. This finding raises the possibility that reduced ARA may be responsible for the reduction in benefit on cognitive outcomes seen at this dose. The findings implicate the DHA/ARA balance as an important variable in the contribution of LCPUFAs to cognitive and behavioral development in infancy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.