ArticleBMC infectious diseases2017
Risk factors, person, place and time characteristics associated with Hepatitis E Virus outbreak in Napak District, Uganda.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of hepatitis E virus in China from 1997 to 2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Pregnant Women.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Current global estimates, risk factors, and knowledge gaps for Hepatitis E virus (HEV): A scoping review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Beyond COVID-19, the case for collecting, analysing and using sex-disaggregated data and gendered data to inform outbreak response: a scoping review.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- High confidence and demand for hepatitis E vaccine during an outbreak in Bentiu, South Sudan: A qualitative study.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Annual risk of hepatitis E virus infection and seroreversion: Insights from a serological cohort in Sitakunda, Bangladesh.Epidemiology and infection · 2024Article
- Vaccination coverage and adverse events following a reactive vaccination campaign against hepatitis E in Bentiu displaced persons camp, South Sudan.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- The burden of hepatitis E virus infection among Ghanaian pregnant women.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Epidemiology of Hepatitis E.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2023Article
- Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Consultations in Senegal.Viruses · 2022Article
- Low seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in pregnant women in an urban area near Pretoria, South Africa.IJID regions · 2022Article
- Hepatitis E in Bangladesh: Insights From a National Serosurvey.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Uganda Mountain Community Health System-Perspectives and Capacities towards Emerging Infectious Disease Surveillance.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Relative risk factors for seropositive hepatitis E virus among blood donors and haemodialysis patients: The pivotal role of primary health care education.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2021Article
- Hepatitis E in Sub Saharan Africa - A significant emerging disease.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2021Review
- Setting a Course for Preventing Hepatitis E in Low and Lower-Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of Burden and Risk Factors.Open forum infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Co-infection of hepatitis E virus and Plasmodium falciparum malaria: A genuine risk in sub-Saharan Africa.Parasites & vectors · 2021Article
- Hepatitis E virus: reasons for emergence in humans.Current opinion in virology · 2019Review
- Increased liver injury in patients with chronic hepatitis and IgG directed against hepatitis E virus.EXCLI journal · 2019Article
- Reactive and pre-emptive vaccination strategies to control hepatitis E infection in emergency and refugee settings: A modelling study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHepatitis E is self-limiting, but can cause death in most at risk groups like pregnant women and those with preexisting acute liver disease. In developing countries it presents as epidemic, in 2014 Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) outbreak was reported in Napak district Uganda. The role of factors in this setting that might have propagated this HEV epidemic, including host, agent, and environmental characteristics, were still not clear. This study was therefore conducted to investigate the risk factors, person, place and time characteristics, associated with the hepatitis E virus (HEV) epidemic in Napak district.
methodsReview of line lists data for epidemiological description and matched case control study on neighborhood and age in the ratio of 1:2 were used to assess risk factors for HEV outbreak in Napak. Cluster and random sampling were used to obtain a sample size of 332, (111 cases, 221 controls). Possible interaction and confounding was assessed using conditional logistic regression.
resultsOver 1359 cases and 30 deaths were reported during 2013/2014 HEV outbreak. The mean age of patients was 29 ± years, 57.9% of cases were females. Overall case Fatality Ratio was 2.2% in general population but 65.2% in pregnant women. More than 94% of the cases were reported in the sub counties of Napak, 5.7% of cases were reported in the outside neighboring districts. The epidemic peaked in January 2014 and gradually subsided by December 2014. Risk factors found to be associated with HEV included drinking untreated water (OR 6.69, 95% CI 3.15-14.16), eating roadside food (OR 6.11, 95% CI 2.85-13.09), reported not cleaning utensils (OR 3.24, 95% CI 1.55-1.76), and being a hunter (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03-12.66).
conclusionThe results of this study suggest that the virus is transmitted by the feco-oral route through contaminated water. They also suggest that active surveillance and appropriate measures targeting community and routine individual health actions are important to prevent transmission and decrease the deaths.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.