ArticlePLoS genetics2017
Distinguishing functional polymorphism from random variation in the sequences of >10,000 HLA-A, -B and -C alleles.
Article in PLoS genetics, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 167 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Immunopeptidome profiling in pulmonary fibrosis provides a platform for identifying therapeutic targets.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- The IPD-IMGT/HLA database: recent developments in sequence submission.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Copy number variation and evolution of MHC class I and II genes in lovebirds (Agapornis, Psittaculidae, Psittaciformes).Heredity · 2026Article
- HLAtools, Searching Shared HLA Amino Acid Residue Prevalence, and the Global Frequency Browsers: New Computational Resources for Working With HLA Data and Visualizing Global Patterns of HLA Variation.International journal of immunogenetics · 2025Article
- Quantitative and large-scale investigation of human TCR-HLA cross-reactivity.Science advances · 2025Article
- The correlation of HLA-A in Thai EGFR-mutated advanced non-small cell lung cancer, outcome, and tumor microenvironment.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
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- High resolution class I HLA-A, -B, and -C diversity in Eastern and Southern African populations.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Assessment of Functional Status of Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I Genes in Cancer Tissues in the Context of Personalized Neoantigen Peptide Vaccine Immunotherapy.JCO clinical cancer informatics · 2025Article
- Solution mapping of MHC-I:TCR interactions using a minimalistic protein system.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
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- Dynamic allostery in the peptide/MHC complex enables TCR neoantigen selectivity.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Computational characterization of peptide binding stability to HLA-C allotypes and its association with HIV-1 infection progression and HIV-1 related neurocognitive impairment.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Immuno-informatics voyage through molecular mimicry of Heat Shock Proteins: Potential IBD immunopathogenesis.PloS one · 2025Article
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31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
HLA class I glycoproteins contain the functional sites that bind peptide antigens and engage lymphocyte receptors. Recently, clinical application of sequence-based HLA typing has uncovered an unprecedented number of novel HLA class I alleles. Here we define the nature and extent of the variation in 3,489 HLA-A, 4,356 HLA-B and 3,111 HLA-C alleles. This analysis required development of suites of methods, having general applicability, for comparing and analyzing large numbers of homologous sequences. At least three amino-acid substitutions are present at every position in the polymorphic α1 and α2 domains of HLA-A, -B and -C. A minority of positions have an incidence >1% for the 'second' most frequent nucleotide, comprising 70 positions in HLA-A, 85 in HLA-B and 54 in HLA-C. The majority of these positions have three or four alternative nucleotides. These positions were subject to positive selection and correspond to binding sites for peptides and receptors. Most alleles of HLA class I (>80%) are very rare, often identified in one person or family, and they differ by point mutation from older, more common alleles. These alleles with single nucleotide polymorphisms reflect the germ-line mutation rate. Their frequency predicts the human population harbors 8-9 million HLA class I variants. The common alleles of human populations comprise 42 core alleles, which represent all selected polymorphism, and recombinants that have assorted this polymorphism.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.