ReviewVeterinary research2017
Bacterial ghosts as adjuvants: mechanisms and potential.
Review in Veterinary research, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed.
- Empowering cancer therapy: the promise of natural adjuvants.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Bacterial ghosts embedded in natural hydrogels as drug delivery vehicles for cancer treatment.RSC advances · 2026Article
- Bacterial ghosts (BGs): A promising approach as candidate vaccine.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Review
- A Chemically InducedVaccines · 2026Article
- Control of Salmonella in poultry: The role of host immunity and vaccines.Poultry science · 2025Review
- Probiotic Bacteria as Therapeutics and Biohybrid Drug Carriers: Advances, Design Strategies, and Future Outlook.ACS applied bio materials · 2025Review
- A Simple and Rapid Method of Probiotic Bacterial Ghost Cell Preparation to Deliver Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigen.Molecular biotechnology · 2025Article
- Enhancing breast Cancer immunotherapy using gold nanoparticles carrying tumor antigens.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Advancing vaccine technology through the manipulation of pathogenic and commensal bacteria.Materials today. Bio · 2024Review
- The Immunomodulatory Effects and Applications of Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in Vaccine Development.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2024Review
- Peptides with Antimicrobial Activity in the Saliva of the Malaria VectorInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Globally occurring pelagiphage infections create ribosome-deprived cells.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Delivery of a Hepatitis C Virus Vaccine Encoding NS3 Linked to the MHC Class II Chaperone Protein Invariant Chain Using Bacterial Ghosts.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Comparison of the immune effects of theFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Bacteria-Based Nanoprobes for Cancer Therapy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Review
- Review
- In Vivo Validation of Novel SyntheticVaccines · 2023Article
- Production of highly immunogenic and safe Triton X-100 produced bacterial ghost vaccine against Shigella flexneri 2b serotype.Gut pathogens · 2023Article
- A Comprehensive Review on Bacterial Vaccines Combating Antimicrobial Resistance in Poultry.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Non-antibiotic prevention and treatment againstFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bacterial ghosts (BG) are empty cell envelopes derived from Gram-negative bacteria. They contain many innate immunostimulatory agonists, and are potent activators of a broad range of cell types involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Several considerable studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of BG as adjuvants as well as their ability to induce proinflammatory cytokine production by a range of immune and non-immune cell types. These proinflammatory cytokines trigger a generalized recruitment of T and B lymphocytes to lymph nodes that maximize the chances of encounter with their cognate antigen, and subsequent elicitation of potent immune responses. The plasticity of BG has allowed for the generation of envelope-bound foreign antigens in immunologically active forms that have proven to be effective vaccines in animal models. Besides their adjuvant property, BG also effectively deliver DNA-encoded antigens to dendritic cells, thereby leading to high transfection efficiencies, which subsequently result in higher gene expressions and improved immunogenicity of DNA-based vaccines. In this review, we summarize our understanding of BG interactions with the host immune system, their exploitation as an adjuvant and a delivery system, and address important areas of future research interest.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.