ArticleArchives of toxicology2017
Glucuronidation of deoxynivalenol (DON) by different animal species: identification of iso-DON glucuronides and iso-deepoxy-DON glucuronides as novel DON metabolites in pigs, rats, mice, and cows.
Article in Archives of toxicology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 23 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evolutionary Adaptability Coupled with Computation-Driven Engineering for Thermostability Enhancement of a Deoxynivalenol-Detoxifying Fusion Enzyme.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Human Organoids and Organ-on-Chip for Biotoxin Assessment: Applications, Best Practices, and a Translational Roadmap.Toxins · 2026Review
- A Comprehensive Review: Current Strategies for Detoxification of Deoxynivalenol in Feedstuffs for Pigs.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
- A Highly Sensitive Silicon-Core Quantum Dot Fluorescent Probe for Vomitoxin Detection in Cereals.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Biotransformation of Deoxynivalenol to the Novel Metabolite Deoxynivalenol-8,15-hemiketal-7-glucoside by theACS omega · 2025Article
- Multi-Epitopic Peptide Vaccine Against Newcastle Disease Virus: Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Experimental Validation.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Mitigation effects of plant carbon black on intestinal morphology, inflammation, antioxidant status, and microbiota in piglets challenged with deoxynivalenol.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Mechanisms by which microbial enzymes degrade four mycotoxins and application in animal production: A review.Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui) · 2023Review
- Article
- Case-Control Study of Nodding Syndrome in Acholiland: Urinary Multi-Mycotoxin Screening.Toxins · 2021Article
- Effect of long-term feeding of graded levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) on growth performance, nutrient utilization, and organ health in finishing pigs and DON content in biological samples.Journal of animal science · 2020Article
- Maternal Exposure Results in Long-Term Deoxynivalenol Persistence in Piglets' Plasma and Modulates the Immune System.Toxins · 2020Article
- Article
- Stable Isotope-Assisted Metabolomics for Deciphering Xenobiotic Metabolism in Mammalian Cell Culture.ACS chemical biology · 2020Article
- Human Mycotoxin Biomonitoring: Conclusive Remarks on Direct or Indirect Assessment of Urinary Deoxynivalenol.Toxins · 2020Article
- Review
- Investigation of age-related differences in toxicokinetic processes of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in weaned piglets.Archives of toxicology · 2020Article
- Article
- Enzymes for Detoxification of Various Mycotoxins: Origins and Mechanisms of Catalytic Action.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- The Influence of Processing Parameters on the Mitigation of Deoxynivalenol during Industrial Baking.Toxins · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a frequent contaminant of cereal-based food and feed. Mammals metabolize DON by conjugation to glucuronic acid (GlcAc), the extent and regioselectivity of which is species-dependent. So far, only DON-3-glucuronide (DON-3-GlcAc) and DON-15-GlcAc have been unequivocally identified as mammalian DON glucuronides, and DON-7-GlcAc has been proposed as further DON metabolite. In the present work, qualitative HPLC-MS/MS analysis of urine samples of animals treated with DON (rats: 2 mg/kg bw, single bolus, gavage; mice: 1 mg/kg bw, single i.p. injection; pigs: 74 µg/kg bw, single bolus, gavage; cows: 5.2 mg DON/kg dry mass, oral for 13 weeks) revealed additional DON and deepoxy-DON (DOM) glucuronides. To elucidate their structures, DON and DOM were incubated with human (HLM) and rat liver microsomes (RLM). Besides the expected DON/DOM-3- and 15-GlcAc, minor amounts of four DON- and four DOM glucuronides were formed. Isolation and enzymatic hydrolysis of four of these compounds yielded iso-DON and iso-DOM, the identities of which were eventually confirmed by NMR. Incubation of iso-DON and iso-DOM with RLM and HLM yielded two main glucuronides for each parent compound, which were isolated and identified as iso-DON/DOM-3-GlcAc and iso-DON/DOM-8-GlcAc by NMR. Iso-DON-3-GlcAc, most likely misidentified as DON-7-GlcAc in the literature, proved to be a major DON metabolite in rats and a minor metabolite in pigs. In addition, iso-DON-8-GlcAc turned out to be one of the major DON metabolites in mice. DOM-3-GlcAc was the dominant DON metabolite in urine of cows and an important DON metabolite in rat urine. Iso-DOM-3-GlcAc was detected in urine of DON-treated rats and cows. Finally, DON-8,15-hemiketal-8-glucuronide, a previously described by-product of DON-3-GlcAc production by RLM, was identified in urine of DON-exposed mice and rats. The discovery of several novel DON-derived glucuronides in animal urine requires adaptation of the currently used methods for DON-biomarker analysis.
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Registered trials
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