ArticleBMJ open2017
Cross-sectional association between ZIP code-level gentrification and homelessness among a large community-based sample of people who inject drugs in 19 US cities.
Article in BMJ open, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Urban health inequality in shifting environment: systematic review on the impact of gentrification on residents' health.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- "Clear action requires clear thinking": A systematic review of gentrification and health research in the United States.Health & place · 2019Pooled it
- Neighborhood gentrification, income inequality, and cancer incidence among Hispanic/Latino adults.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2026Article
- Fatal Opioid Overdoses by Historical and Contemporary Neighborhood-Level Structural Racism.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- A spatially dynamic agent-based model for assessing the effect of gentrification-induced migration and HIV transmission among heterosexual African American/Black women.Annals of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Structural drivers of health among transgender women in the United States: A nationwide study.Health & place · 2025Article
- Exploring housing instability through a gender lens among people who inject drugs in Montreal, Canada.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- Structural Influences on Methamphetamine Use Among Black Sexual Minority Men (HISTORY Study): Protocol for a Longitudinal Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2024Article
- Enhanced Cohort Methods for HIV Research and Epidemiology (ENCORE): Protocol for a Nationwide Hybrid Cohort for Transgender Women in the United States.JMIR research protocols · 2024Article
- "No-one just does drugs during business hours!": evaluation of a 24/7 primary needle and syringe program in St Kilda, Australia.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- Association of neighborhood gentrification with prostate cancer and immune markers in African American and European American men.Cancer medicine · 2024Article
- Association of census-tract level gentrification and income inequality with 6-year incidence of metabolic syndrome in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, an epidemiologic cohort study.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2023Article
- Exploring differences in perceptions of gentrification, neighborhood satisfaction, social cohesion, and health among residents of two predominantly African American Pittsburgh neighborhoods (n = 60).BMC public health · 2023Article
- Change in Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Adherence to the Cancer Prevention Lifestyle Guidelines in Hispanic/Latino Adults: Results from the HCHS/SOL Study.Cancer research communications · 2023Article
- Without Affordable, Accessible, and Adequate Housing, Health Has No Foundation.The Milbank quarterly · 2023Article
- Public service providers' perspectives on and responses to the health and social consequences of gentrification in Atlanta, Georgia.Journal of social service research · 2023Article
- Factors associated with perceived ease of access to syringes in Appalachian North Carolina.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2023Article
- Association between Gentrification and Health and Healthcare Utilization.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2022Article
- Title: advancing urban health equity in the United States in an age of health care gentrification: a framework and research agenda.International journal for equity in health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHousing instability has been associated with poor health outcomes among people who inject drugs (PWID). This study investigates the associations of local-level housing and economic conditions with homelessness among a large sample of PWID, which is an underexplored topic to date.
methodsPWID in this cross-sectional study were recruited from 19 large cities in the USA as part of National HIV Behavioral Surveillance. PWID provided self-reported information on demographics, behaviours and life events. Homelessness was defined as residing on the street, in a shelter, in a single room occupancy hotel, or in a car or temporarily residing with friends or relatives any time in the past year. Data on county-level rental housing unaffordability and demand for assisted housing units, and ZIP code-level gentrification (eg, index of percent increases in non-Hispanic white residents, household income, gross rent from 1990 to 2009) and economic deprivation were collected from the US Census Bureau and Department of Housing and Urban Development. Multilevel models evaluated the associations of local economic and housing characteristics with homelessness.
resultsSixty percent (5394/8992) of the participants reported homelessness in the past year. The multivariable model demonstrated that PWID living in ZIP codes with higher levels of gentrification had higher odds of homelessness in the past year (gentrification: adjusted OR=1.11, 95% CI=1.04 to 1.17).
conclusionsAdditional research is needed to determine the mechanisms through which gentrification increases homelessness among PWID to develop appropriate community-level interventions.
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