ArticlePloS one2017
Chronotypes in the US - Influence of age and sex.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 242 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
242 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Chronotype and disordered eating indicators: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical psychology review · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Circadian realignment and depressed mood: A systematic review.Sleep medicine reviews · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review of sleep deprivation and neurobehavioral function in young adults.Applied nursing research : ANR · 2022Pooled it
- Socioeconomic Risk and Sleep Health Among Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes.Western journal of nursing research · 2025Trial
- Circadian Modulation of the Antioxidant Effect of Grape Consumption: A Randomized Controlled Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Trial
- Interplay of chronotype and school timing predicts school performance.Nature human behaviour · 2020Trial
- Sleeping through the ages: Developmental trajectories of actigraphy-derived sleep-wake patterns across adolescence and emerging adulthood.Developmental psychology · 2026Article
- Chronotherapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Biological Rationale, Human Evidence, and a Clinical Implementation Framework.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2026Review
- Chronotype and Peripheral Clock Genes: Association With Frailty and Insomnia in Mexican Older Adults.Aging medicine (Milton (N.S.W)) · 2026Article
- Meal timing and eating window with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and life expectancy: population-based cohort study.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Article
- Chronotype and All-Cause Mortality in US Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Results From the NHANES.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Delaying Early Morning Training Time in Swimmers: Effects on Sleep, Recovery and Performance-A Randomized Controlled Trial.Sports medicine - open · 2026Article
- Cross-sectional associations of subjective sleep quality, chronotype and social jetlag with perceived stress in a sample of Irish adults.Sleep and biological rhythms · 2026Article
- Sex and age modulate the relationship between melanopsin-dependent light sensitivity and chronotype.Sleep · 2026Article
- Beyond composite scores in chronotype assessment: item-level predictive patterns in the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire.Scientific reports · 2026Observational
- Sex Differences in the Associations of mental Health, Suicidality, Screentime, and Sleep: A Mediation Effect Analysis of Sleep Using Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance Survey 2021.Psychological reports · 2026Article
- The association between chronotype and incident dementia: exploring age, educational-attainment and sex differences.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2026Article
- Impact of Daylight Saving Time on Physical Activity Patterns.Nature health · 2026Article
182 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
An individual's chronotype reflects how the circadian system embeds itself into the 24-h day with rhythms in physiology, cognition and behavior occurring accordingly earlier or later. In view of an increasing number of people working at unusual times and linked health and safety risks, the wide range in human chronotypes may provide opportunities to allow people to work (and sleep) at times that are in synch with their circadian physiology. We aimed at estimating the distribution of chronotypes in the US population by age and sex. Twelve years (2003-2014) of pooled diary data from the American Time Use Survey were used to calculate chronotype based on mid-point of sleep on weekends (MSFWe, n = 53,689). We observed a near-normal distribution overall and within each age group. The distribution's mean value is systematically different with age, shifting later during adolescence, showing a peak in 'lateness' at ~19 years, and shifting earlier thereafter. Men are typically later chronotypes than women before 40, but earlier types after 40. The greatest differences are observed between 15 and 25 for both sexes, equaling more than 50% of the total chronotype difference across all age groups. The variability in chronotype decreases with age, but is generally higher in males than females. This is the first study to estimate the distribution and prevalence of individual chronotypes in the US population based on a large-scale, nationally representative sample. Our finding that adolescents are on average the latest chronotypes supports delaying school start times to benefit their sleep and circadian alignment. The generally wide range in chronotypes may provide opportunities for tailored work schedules by matching external and internal time, potentially decreasing long- and short-term health and safety risks.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.