ArticleTranscription2017
tRNA structure and evolution and standardization to the three nucleotide genetic code.
Article in Transcription, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- tRNA modifications in cancer: from molecular mechanisms to clinical translation.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- How Does Transcription-Associated Mutagenesis Shape tRNA Microevolution?Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Review
- Screening for Mitochondrial tRNA Variants in 200 Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Human heredity · 2024Article
- The 3 31 Nucleotide Minihelix tRNA Evolution Theorem and the Origin of Life.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Expanding the Epitranscriptomic RNA Sequencing and Modification Mapping Mass Spectrometry Toolbox with Field Asymmetric Waveform Ion Mobility and Electrochemical Elution Liquid Chromatography.Analytical chemistry · 2023Article
- Primitive Oligomeric RNAs at the Origins of Life on Earth.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- The Origin of Translation: Bridging the Nucleotides and Peptides.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Mitochondrial Cardiomyopathy: The Roles of mt-tRNA Mutations.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- KnotAli: informed energy minimization through the use of evolutionary information.BMC bioinformatics · 2022Article
- Evolution of the genetic code.Transcription · 2021Review
- Social Networking of Quasi-Species Consortia drive Virolution via Persistence.AIMS microbiology · 2021Review
- Origin of Life: The Point of No Return.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Universal Codons with Enrichment from GC to AU Nucleotide Composition Reveal a Chronological Assignment from Early to Late Along with LUCA Formation.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Genome-wide analysis revealed novel molecular features and evolution of Anti-codons in cyanobacterial tRNAs.Saudi journal of biological sciences · 2020Article
- RNA Rings Strengthen Hairpin Accretion Hypotheses for tRNA Evolution: A Reply to Commentaries by Z.F. Burton and M. Di Giulio.Journal of molecular evolution · 2020Article
- The 3-Minihelix tRNA Evolution Theorem.Journal of molecular evolution · 2020Article
- Evolution of Life on Earth: tRNA, Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases and the Genetic Code.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- A tRNA- and Anticodon-Centric View of the Evolution of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases, tRNAomes, and the Genetic Code.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- Small Non-Coding RNAs Derived From Eukaryotic Ribosomal RNA.Non-coding RNA · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cloverleaf tRNA with a 75 nucleotide (nt) core is posited to have evolved from ligation of three 31 nt minihelices followed by symmetric internal deletions of 9 nt within ligated acceptor stems. Statistical tests strongly support the model. Although the tRNA anticodon loop and T loop are homologs, their U-turns have been treated as distinct motifs. An appropriate comparison, however, shows that intercalation of D loop G19 between T loop bases 4 and 5 causes elevation of T loop base 5 and flipping of T loop bases 6 and 7 out of the 7 nt loop. In the anticodon loop, by contrast, loop bases 3-7 stack tightly to form a stiff connection to mRNA. Furthermore, we identify ancient repeat sequences of 3 (GCG), 5 (UAGCC) and 17 nt (∼CCGGGUUCAAAACCCGG) that comprise 75 out of 75 nts of the tRNA cloverleaf core. To present a sufficiently stiff 3-nt anticodon, a 7-nt anticodon loop was necessary with a U-turn between loop positions 2 and 3. Cloverleaf tRNA, therefore, was a radical evolutionary innovation essential for the 3-nt code. Conservation of GCG and UAGCC repeat sequences indicates that cloverleaf tRNA is at the interface between a strange RNA repeat world and the first evolution of molecules that fold to assume biologic functions. We posit that cloverleaf tRNA was the molecular archetype around which translation systems evolved.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.