ArticleMicrobial ecology2017
Identification of Bufadienolides from the Boreal Toad, Anaxyrus boreas, Active Against a Fungal Pathogen.
Article in Microbial ecology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Investigating the Antimicrobial Activity of Anuran Toxins.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Identifying toxic effects and metabolic perturbations ofToxicology research · 2024Article
- Anti-Trypanosomal Bufadienolides from the Oocytes of the ToadMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Antifungal Effect ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- The adaptive microbiome hypothesis and immune interactions in amphibian mucus.Developmental and comparative immunology · 2023Review
- Antimicrobial Compounds from Skin Secretions of Species That Belong to the Bufonidae Family.Toxins · 2023Review
- Does the Glucocorticoid Stress Response Make Toads More Toxic? An Experimental Study on the Regulation of Bufadienolide Toxin Synthesis.Integrative organismal biology (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Defence mitigation by predators of chemically defended prey integrated over the predation sequence and across biological levels with a focus on cardiotonic steroids.Royal Society open science · 2022Review
- A review of chemical defense in harlequin toads (Bufonidae:Toxicon: X · 2022Review
- Novel Indole Derivative as the First P-glycoprotein Inhibitor from the Skin of Indian ToadTurkish journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2022Article
- Bufadienolides from the Skin Secretions of the Neotropical ToadMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Exposure to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis affects chemical defences in two anuran amphibians, Rana dalmatina and Bufo bufo.BMC ecology and evolution · 2021Article
- Biological activities of leaf extracts from selectedPharmaceutical biology · 2020Article
- Antimicrobial Secretions of Toads (Anura, Bufonidae): Bioactive Extracts and Isolated Compounds against Human Pathogens.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Relationships Between Chemical Defenses of Common Toad (Bufo bufo) Tadpoles and Bacterial Community Structure of their Natural Aquatic Habitat.Journal of chemical ecology · 2020Article
- Ocular Hypotonia and Transient Decrease of Vision as a Consequence of Exposure to a Common Toad Poison.Case reports in ophthalmological medicine · 2020Article
- Unveiled feather microcosm: feather microbiota of passerine birds is closely associated with host species identity and bacteriocin-producing bacteria.The ISME journal · 2019Article
- Toads phenotypically adjust their chemical defences to anthropogenic habitat change.Scientific reports · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Amphibian granular glands provide a wide range of compounds on the skin that defend against pathogens and predators. We identified three bufadienolides-the steroid-like compounds arenobufagin, gamabufotalin, and telocinobufagin-from the boreal toad, Anaxyrus boreas, through liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Compounds were detected both after inducing skin gland secretions and in constitutive mucosal rinses from toads. We described the antimicrobial properties of each bufadienolide against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), an amphibian fungal pathogen linked with boreal toad population declines. All three bufadienolides were found to inhibit Bd growth at similar levels. The maximum Bd inhibition produced by arenobufagin, gamabufotalin, and telocinobufagin were approximately 50%, in contrast to the complete Bd inhibition shown by antimicrobial skin peptides produced by some amphibian species. In addition, skin mucus samples significantly reduced Bd viability, and bufadienolides were detected in 15 of 62 samples. Bufadienolides also appeared to enhance growth of the anti-Bd bacterium Janthinobacterium lividum, and thus may be involved in regulation of the skin microbiome. Here, we localized skin bacteria within the mucus layer and granular glands of toads with fluorescent in situ hybridization. Overall, our results suggest that bufadienolides can function in antifungal defense on amphibian skin and their production is a potentially convergent trait similar to antimicrobial peptide defenses found on the skin of other species. Further studies investigating bufadienolide expression across toad populations, their regulation, and interactions with other components of the skin mucosome will contribute to understanding the complexities of amphibian immune defense.
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