ArticleScientific reports2017
Investigating the Life Expectancy and Proteolytic Degradation of Engineered Skeletal Muscle Biological Machines.
Article in Scientific reports, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ultrasound-activated piezoelectric muscle constructs for tissue-engineered regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces.Bioactive materials · 2027Article
- Fast-swimming biohybrid OstraBot with self-trained high-strength muscles.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Optogenetic neuromuscular actuation of a miniature electronic biohybrid robot.Science robotics · 2025Article
- A forward-engineered, muscle-driven soft robotic swimmer.Science advances · 2025Article
- Biohybrid living robotics: A comprehensive review of recent advances, technological innovation, and future prospects.npj Robotics · 2025Article
- On-demand expansion fluorescence and photoacoustic microscopy (ExFLPAM).Photoacoustics · 2024Article
- Compliant 3D frameworks instrumented with strain sensors for characterization of millimeter-scale engineered muscle tissues.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Cysteine cathepsins are altered by flow within an engineeredAPL bioengineering · 2020Article
- Neuromuscular actuation of biohybrid motile bots.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2019Article
- Long-Term Cryopreservation and Revival of Tissue-Engineered Skeletal Muscle.Tissue engineering. Part A · 2019Article
- Extracellular matrix remodelling induced by alternating electrical and mechanical stimulations increases the contraction of engineered skeletal muscle tissues.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Human cathepsins K, L, and S: Related proteases, but unique fibrinolytic activity.Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects · 2018Article
- Computational predictions of cysteine cathepsin-mediated fibrinogen proteolysis.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A combination of techniques from 3D printing, tissue engineering and biomaterials has yielded a new class of engineered biological robots that could be reliably controlled via applied signals. These machines are powered by a muscle strip composed of differentiated skeletal myofibers in a matrix of natural proteins, including fibrin, that provide physical support and cues to the cells as an engineered basement membrane. However, maintaining consistent results becomes challenging when sustaining a living system in vitro. Skeletal muscle must be preserved in a differentiated state and the system is subject to degradation by proteolytic enzymes that can break down its mechanical integrity. Here we examine the life expectancy, breakdown, and device failure of engineered skeletal muscle bio-bots as a result of degradation by three classes of proteases: plasmin, cathepsin L, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9). We also demonstrate the use of gelatin zymography to determine the effects of differentiation and inhibitor concentration on protease expression. With this knowledge, we are poised to design the next generation of complex biological machines with controllable function, specific life expectancy and greater consistency. These results could also prove useful for the study of disease-specific models, treatments of myopathies, and other tissue engineering applications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.