ArticleTropical medicine & international health : TM & IH2017
Examining levels, distribution and correlates of health insurance coverage in Kenya.
Article in Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effectiveness of self-financing patient-led support groups in the management of hypertension and diabetes in low- and middle-income countries: Systematic review.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2023Pooled it
- The Experiences of Strategic Purchasing of Healthcare in Nine Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Qualitative Review.International journal of health policy and management · 2023Pooled it
- Leaving no one behind? Social inclusion of health insurance in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.International journal for equity in health · 2019Pooled it
- Article
- Transforming hemodialysis access in Kenya: a national assessment of the Managed Equipment Services model.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Health insurance coverage and health service utilisation in Uganda: an analysis of the 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Levels and Determinants of Health Insurance Coverage in Kenya: Cross-Sectional Evidence from KDHS 2022.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Who remains uncovered? Assessing inequalities and determinants of national health insurance enrolment among informal sector workers in Kenya.Global health research and policy · 2025Article
- Recovery and long-term health outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a prospective cohort in an urban setting, Kenya.Global health action · 2025Article
- eHealth Literacy and Knowledge of Social Health Financing Among Undergraduate Healthcare Students in Kenya.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Analysing the determinants of healthcare insurance uptake in Nigeria.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Availability and Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment Services at 19 Kenyan Health Facilities: A Brief Report.JCO global oncology · 2025Article
- Learning from the Kenyan experiment: key takeaways for implementing managed equipment services in developing countries.Frontiers in health services · 2025Article
- Effect of households' members disability and serious illness on public health insurance subscription among urban refugees during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya.BMC public health · 2024Article
- The Global Burden of Sepsis and Septic Shock.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Role of Socioeconomic Status in National Health Insurance Ownership in Indonesia's Rural Areas.Journal of research in health sciences · 2024Article
- Determinants of healthcare insurance coverage among women of reproductive age in Tanzania: A multilevel mixed effect analysis.PloS one · 2024Article
- Are outpatient costs for hypertension and diabetes care affordable? Evidence from Western Kenya.African journal of primary health care & family medicine · 2023Article
- Assessing the choice of National Health Insurance Fund contracted outpatient facilities in Kenya: A qualitative study.The International journal of health planning and management · 2023Article
- Sociodemographic distribution and correlates of nonfatal unintentional non-traffic-related injuries in Kenya: Results from the 2014 demographic and health survey.Health science reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine the levels, inequalities and factors associated with health insurance coverage in Kenya.
methodsWe analysed secondary data from the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) conducted in 2009 and 2014. We examined the level of health insurance coverage overall, and by type, using an asset index to categorise households into five socio-economic quintiles with quintile 5 (Q5) being the richest and quintile 1 (Q1) being the poorest. The high-low ratio (Q5/Q1 ratio), concentration curve and concentration index (CIX) were employed to assess inequalities in health insurance coverage, and logistic regression to examine correlates of health insurance coverage.
resultsOverall health insurance coverage increased from 8.17% to 19.59% between 2009 and 2014. There was high inequality in overall health insurance coverage, even though this inequality decreased between 2009 (Q5/Q1 ratio of 31.21, CIX = 0.61, 95% CI 0.52-0.0.71) and 2014 (Q5/Q1 ratio 12.34, CIX = 0.49, 95% CI 0.45-0.52). Individuals that were older, employed in the formal sector; married, exposed to media; and male, belonged to a small household, had a chronic disease and belonged to rich households, had increased odds of health insurance coverage.
conclusionHealth insurance coverage in Kenya remains low and is characterised by significant inequality. In a context where over 80% of the population is in the informal sector, and close to 50% live below the national poverty line, achieving high and equitable coverage levels with contributory and voluntary health insurance mechanism is problematic. Kenya should consider a universal, tax-funded mechanism that ensures revenues are equitably and efficiently collected, and everyone (including the poor and those in the informal sector) is covered.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.