ReviewFrontiers in immunology2017
Nature and Consequences of Biological Reductionism for the Immunological Study of Infectious Diseases.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pre‑partum blood leukocyte profiles distinguish gestational inflammatory stages that predict birth‑related adverse outcomes.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Decoding Immuno-Competence: A Novel Analysis of Complete Blood Cell Count Data in COVID-19 Outcomes.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Multidimensional perspectives of geo-epidemiology: from interdisciplinary learning and research to cost-benefit oriented decision-making.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Personalized, disease-stage specific, rapid identification of immunosuppression in sepsis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Assessing complexity and dynamics in epidemics: geographical barriers and facilitators of foot-and-mouth disease dissemination.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Geo-temporal patterns to design cost-effective interventions for zoonotic diseases -the case of brucellosis in the country of Georgia.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- From numbers to medical knowledge: harnessing combinatorial data patterns to predict COVID-19 resource needs and distinguish patient subsets.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- SupportingPRIMUS : problems, resources, and issues in mathematics undergraduate studies · 2022Article
- Multi-Cellular Immunological Interactions Associated With COVID-19 Infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- COVID-19 related interdisciplinary methods: Preventing errors and detecting research opportunities.Methods (San Diego, Calif.) · 2021Review
- Biologically grounded scientific methods: The challenges ahead for combating epidemics.Methods (San Diego, Calif.) · 2021Review
- Gu Syndrome, Lurking Pathogens, and Long Covid: An Old Take on a New Disease.Integrative medicine (Encinitas, Calif.) · 2021Article
- TNF-α antagonists differentially induce TGF-β1-dependent resuscitation of dormant-like Mycobacterium tuberculosis.PLoS pathogens · 2020Article
- The Third Cognitive Revolution: The consequences and possibilities for biomedical research.EMBO reports · 2019Review
- Assessing the Dynamics and Complexity of Disease Pathogenicity Using 4-Dimensional Immunological Data.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Systems Medicine Disease: Disease Classification and Scalability Beyond Networks and Boundary Conditions.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2018Article
- It's Never Too Early or Too Late-End the Epidemic of Alzheimer's by Preventing or Reversing Causation From Pre-birth to Death.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2018Article
- Development of a Preventive HIV Vaccine Requires Solving Inverse Problems Which Is Unattainable by Rational Vaccine Design.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Evolution has conserved "economic" systems that perform many functions, faster or better, with less. For example, three to five leukocyte types protect from thousands of pathogens. To achieve so much with so little, biological systems combine their limited elements, creating complex structures. Yet, the prevalent research paradigm is reductionist. Focusing on infectious diseases, reductionist and non-reductionist views are here described. The literature indicates that reductionism is associated with information loss and errors, while non-reductionist operations can extract more information from the same data. When designed to capture one-to-many/many-to-one interactions-including the use of arrows that connect pairs of consecutive observations-non-reductionist (spatial-temporal) constructs eliminate data variability from all dimensions, except along one line, while arrows describe the directionality of temporal changes that occur along the line. To validate the patterns detected by non-reductionist operations, reductionist procedures are needed. Integrated (non-reductionist and reductionist) methods can (i) distinguish data subsets that differ immunologically and statistically; (ii) differentiate false-negative from -positive errors; (iii) discriminate disease stages; (iv) capture
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.